Targeted, metal-catalyzed fluorination of complex compounds with fluoride ion via decarboxylation

ABSTRACT

Methods of preparing fluorinated compounds by carboxylative fluorination using fluoride are contained herein. Fluorinated compounds are provided. Methods of using fluorinated compounds are contained herein.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/019,673, which was filed Feb. 9, 2016 as a continuation-in-part ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/239,719, which was filed Apr. 8,2014 and was a 35 U.S.C § 371 national stage of International PatentApplication No. PCT/US2012/051628, which was filed Aug. 20, 2012. U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/239,719 claimed the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/113,847, which was filed Feb. 9, 2015.International Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/051628 claimed thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/525,301, which was filedAug. 19, 2011, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/639,523, which wasfiled Apr. 27, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/679,367,which was filed Aug. 3, 2012. All of the above applications areincorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth.

This invention was made with government support under Grant No.CHE-0616633 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The governmenthas certain rights in this invention.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to methods for decarboxylative fluorination ofcompounds, compositions that include the fluorinated compounds thusproduced and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND

Organofluorine compounds are of significant importance for theagrochemical and pharmaceutical industries as well as for PET imagingapplications.^([1]) Despite the broad impact of organofluorine compoundsand the intrinsic strength of the C—F bond, the incorporation offluorine into organic molecules remains challenging.^([1e, 2])Conventional fluorination methods typically involve harsh reactionconditions, displaying poor functional group tolerance and lowselectivity.^([2b]) These limitations have inspired the development of anumber of new methods, especially catalytic approaches, for constructinga C—F bond.

The majority of these newly-developed methods are based on electrophilicfluorination reagents (F⁺), such as Selectfluor and otherN-fluoroammonium analogs,^([4]) N-fluoropyridinium salts (NFPs),^([5])and N-fluorosulfonamides.^([6])

For catalytic fluorinations with fluoride-based reagents (F⁻),^([3a])only a handful of reactions have been developed for the synthesis ofaryl and heteroaryl fluorides,^([7]) alkenyl fluorides,^([8]) allylicfluorides,^([9]) fluorohydrins,^([10]) ¹⁸F-labeled trifluoromethylaromatics,^([11]) and benzylic fluorides.^([12])

A general catalytic method for constructing aliphatic C—F bonds withsimple nucleophilic fluoride remains a challenging task.^([13]) Anefficient aliphatic C—H fluorination reaction that employed manganesetetramesitylporphyrin, Mn(TMP)Cl, as the catalyst and silverfluoride/tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate (TBAF.3H₂O) as thefluoride source was reported.^([14]) The reaction was shown to proceedthrough a trans-difluoromanganese(IV) porphyrin complex that served asthe fluorine transfer agent. Insights gained from the facile capture ofsubstrate carbon radicals by F—Mn(IV)—F species led to the developmentof benzylic C—H fluorination reactions using manganese salencatalysts.^([15]) The first ¹⁸F labelling reaction of aliphatic C—Hbonds with no-carrier-added [¹⁸F]fluoride and Mn(salen) catalysts wasalso reported.^([16])

SUMMARY

In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of targetedfluorination. The method comprises combining a mono-fluoro-aryliodine-(III) carboxylate and a manganese catalyst.

In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of targeted fluorinationof a compound containing a carboxyl group. The method includes combiningthe compound, a nucleophilic fluoride source, a manganese catalyst, asolvent and an iodine (III) oxidant.

In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of direct radioactivelabeling of a compound containing a carboxyl group. The method includescombining a compound containing a carboxyl group, a nucleophilic,radioactive fluoride source, a manganese catalyst, a solvent and aniodine (III) oxidant.

In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of visualization. Themethod comprises radioactively labeling a compound containing acarboxylic group by any one of the methods described herein. Thefluorine radioisotope includes ¹⁸F and a product produced by the methodis an 18F imaging agent. The method also comprises administering theimaging agent to a patient and performing positron emission tomographyon the patient.

In an aspect, the invention relates to a method of targetedfluorination. The method comprises combining a mono-fluoro-aryliodine-(III) carboxylate and a manganese catalyst.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description of embodiments of the presentinvention will be better understood when read in conjunction with theappended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, thereare shown in the drawings particular embodiments. It is understood,however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangementsand instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates mechanistic probes of fluorine transfer.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate a scheme of fluorination of idodine (III)decarboxylate. FIG. 2A illustrates fluorination of compound 29:bis(α-methylbenzeneacatato)(phenyl)-λ³-iodane. FIG. 2B illustrates the¹⁹F-NMR spectrum of a solution of Mn(TMP)Cl, Et₃N.3HF and compound 30a:2-phenylpropanoic acid. FIG. 2C illustrates potential energy surfaces(kcal/mol) for the formation of carboxyl radicals through theinteraction of an iodine(III) carboxylate complex and a manganese(III)porphyrin. T and Q refer to triplet and quintet states, respectively.

FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate NMR evidence for the formation of an iodine(III)carboxylate complex. FIG. 3A illustrates ¹⁹F NMR of a solution createdby addition of PhIO (0.3 equiv.) into the CD₂Cl₂ solution of acid 30a(1.0 equiv.) and Et₃N 3HF (1.0 equiv). FIG. 3B illustrates ¹⁹F NMR ofthe solution upon titration of the CD₂Cl₂ solution of iodobenzenedicarboxylate 29 (1.0 equiv.) with Et₃N.3HF (0.1 equiv.). FIG. 3Cillustrates ¹⁹F NMR of the solution upon titration of the CD₂Cl₂solution of iodobenzene dicarboxylate 29 (1.0 equiv.) with Et₃N 3HF (0.4equiv.). FIG. 3D illustrates ¹⁹F NMR of the solution upon titration ofCD₂Cl₂ solution of iodobenzene dicarboxylate 29 (1.0 equiv.) with Et₃N3HF (1.5 equiv.).

FIG. 4 illustrates the chiral UV-HPLC trace of authentic racemiccompound 16 (1-fluoroethane-1,2-diyl)dibenzene).

FIG. 5 illustrates the chiral UV-HPLC trace of reaction mixture ofdecarboxylative fluorination of acid compound 16a (2,3-diphenylpropanoicacid).

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate the NMR spectra of1-(1-fluoroethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene. FIG. 6A illustrates the ¹H NMRspectrum of 1-(1-fluoroethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene. FIG. 6B illustrates the¹³C NMR spectrum of 1-(1-fluoroethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene. FIG. 6Cillustrates the ¹⁹F NMR spectrum of 1-(1-fluoroethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene.

FIGS. 7-14 illustrate examples of the radio-TLC scans of the compounds:¹⁸F-18 ([¹⁸F](1-fluorobutyl)benzene); ¹⁸F-14([¹⁸F]2,4-dichloro-1-(1-fluoroethoxy)benzene)e; ¹⁸F-25([¹⁸F](fluoromethylene)dicyclohexane); ¹⁸F-19([¹⁸F]4-(fluoromethyl)biphenyl); ¹⁸F-8([¹⁸F]4-fluoro-4-phenylbutanenitrile); ¹⁸F-17([¹⁸F]2-(1-fluoro-2-phenylethyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione); ¹⁸F-15([¹⁸F]2-(fluoromethoxy) naphthalene); and ¹⁸F-5([¹⁸F]2-(fluoro(phenyl)methyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione) described herein.FIG. 7 illustrates the radio-TLC scan of compound ¹⁸F-18. FIG. 8illustrates the radio-TLC scan of compound ¹⁸F-14. FIG. 9 illustratesthe radio-TLC scan of compound ¹⁸F-25. FIG. 10 illustrates the radio-TLCscan of compound ¹⁸F-19. FIG. 11 illustrates the radio-TLC scan ofcompound ¹⁸F-8. FIG. 12 illustrates the radio-TLC scan of compound¹⁸F-17. FIG. 13 illustrates the radio-TLC scan of compound ¹⁸F-15. FIG.14 illustrates the radio-TLC scan of compound ¹⁸F-5.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate the UV trace of the authentic reference ofcompound F-17, the radio-HPLC trace of the reaction mixture to producecompound ¹⁸F-17, and the UV trace for the reaction mixture.

FIGS. 16A-16C, 17A-17C, 18A-18C, 19A-19C, 20A-20C and FIGS. 21A-21Cillustrate the same traces as FIGS. 17A-17C but for compounds 19, 8, 14,15, 5, and 18, respectively.

FIG. 22 illustrates a general schematic representation of the azeotropicdrying-free method of labeling.

FIG. 23 illustrates a standard curve of UV absorbance vs. amount ofcompound ¹⁸F-19.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenienceonly and is not limiting. The words “a” and “one,” as used in the claimsand in the corresponding portions of the specification, are defined asincluding one or more of the referenced item unless specifically statedotherwise. This terminology includes the words above specificallymentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. The phrase“at least one” followed by a list of two or more items, such as “A, B,or C,” means any individual one of A, B, or C as well as any combinationthereof.

A catalytic decarboxylative fluorination reaction based on nucleophilicfluoride is provided. The method may allow facile replacement of variousaliphatic carboxylic acid groups with fluorine. Moreover, the potentialof this method for PET radiochemistry has been demonstrated by thesuccessful ¹⁸F labelling of a variety of carboxylic acids withradiochemical conversions (RCCs) up to 50%, representing a targeteddecarboxylative ¹⁸F labelling method with no-carrier-added[¹⁸F]fluoride. Mechanistic probes suggest that the reaction proceedsthrough the interaction of the manganese catalyst with iodine(III)carboxylates formed in situ from iodosylbenzene and the carboxylic acidsubstrates.

The method may allow the introduction of fluorine from fluoride ion intocomplex molecules via targeted decarboxylation of a previously existingor installed carboxylic acid group. The method may be particularlyadvantageous for ¹⁸F labeling of functionally complex molecules for PETscanning applications in pharmacokinetics and in vivo imaging. Themethod may allow selective incorporation of fluorine, including[¹⁸F]fluorine, into compounds, drug candidates, and biomolecules thatcontain other easily oxidizable groups.

An embodiment provides a method of targeted fluorination of a compoundcontaining a carboxyl group. The method may comprise combining thecompound, a nucleophilic fluoride source, a manganese catalyst, asolvent and an oxidant. In an embodiment, combining can be done in anyorder. The manganese catalyst may be a manganese porphyrin or amanganese salen. The manganese porphyrin may be in a manganese(III)porphyrin. The manganese(III) porphyrin may be but is not limited toMn(TMP)Cl, Mn(TTP), and Mn(TDCPP)Cl. The nucleophilic fluoride sourcemay be but is not limited to trialkyl amine trihydrofluoride designatedas R₃N(HF)₃. R—may be ethyl group. The nucleophilic fluoride source maybe triethylamine trihydrofluoride. The solvent may be or may include butis not limited to acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane, or1,2-dichloroethane. The oxidant may be an iodine (III) oxidant. Theiodine (III) oxidant may be or comprise at least one of iodosylbenzene(PhIO), iodobenzene (PhI(OPiv)₂), or iodobenzene diacetate (PhI(OAc)₂).The iodine (III) oxidant may be at least one of dichloroiodobenzene,Bis(tert-butylcarbonyloxy)iodobenzene, iodosylmesitylene,[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy) iodo]benzene, [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene,iodomesitylene diacetate, iodosylpentafluorobenzene,[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo] pentafluoro benzene,3,3-dimethyl-1-fluoro-1,2 benziodoxole, or (2-tert-butylsulfonyl)iodobenzene. The iodine (III) oxidant may be any one of the oxidantshaving chemical structures shown below:

In an embodiment, the step of combining may comprise mixing themanganese catalyst, the nucleophilic fluoride source, the compound andthe solvent under an inert atmosphere to form a first mixture. The stepof combining may comprise adding an iodine (III) oxidant to the firstmixture to form a second mixture. The molar ratio of the iodine (III)oxidant to the nucleophilic fluoride source may be adjusted to one of 4eq.:1 eq., 3 eq.:1 eq., 2 eq.:1 eq., 1 eq.:1 eq. or 0.5 eq.:1 eq., orany ratio in a range between any two of the foregoing (endpointsinclusive). For example, the iodine (III) oxidant to the nucleophilicsource molar ratio may be a value less than any integer or non-integernumber selected from 4 eq.:1 eq. to 0.5 eq.:1 eq. The iodine (III)oxidant to the nucleophilic source molar ratio may be equal to 4 eq.:1eq., 3 eq.:1 eq., 2 eq.:1 eq., 1 eq.:1 eq. or 0.5 eq.:1 eq. or any ratioin a range between any two of the foregoing (endpoints inclusive). Forexample, the iodine (III) oxidant to the nucleophilic source ratio maybe a value equal to any integer or non-integer number in the range from4 eq.:1 eq. to 0.5 eq:1 eq. The iodine (III) oxidant may be solid andadded to the first mixture over a period of time. The volume of thesolvent added to the mixture may be 1 mL, or any volume needed todissolve other components of the mixture. As used herein, “eq.” or“equivalent” refers to the number of moles of fluoride in comparison tothe number of moles of substrate. In case of the triethylaminetrihydrofluoride TREAT-HF (Et₃N.3HF), this compound has threeequivalents of fluoride per molecule. In alternate embodiments, theoxidant may be in vast excess to the nucleophilic fluoride source.

In an embodiment, the step of adding the iodine (III) oxidant may occurover a period of 45 minutes to 90 minutes. The step of adding may occurover a period from 45 minutes to 50 minutes, from 50 minutes to 55minutes, from 55 minutes to 60 minutes, from 60 minutes to 65 minutes,from 65 minutes to 70 minutes, from 70 minutes to 75 minutes, from 75minutes to 80 minutes, from 80 minutes to 85 minutes and from 85 minutesto 90 minutes. The time period for the step of adding the iodine (III)oxidant may be in a range between any two integer value between 45minutes and 90 minutes. The time period for the step of adding the(iodine III) oxidant may be 45 minutes.

The manganese catalyst may be added to the mixture at a concentrationfrom 2.0 mol. % to 10 mol. %. As used herein, molar % refers to (molesof manganese catalyst/moles of substrate) ×100^(%). The concentration ofthe manganese catalyst may be in a range from 2.0 mol. % to 10 mol. %.The concentration may be 2.0 mol. %, 2.5 mol. %, 3.0 mol. %, 3.5 mol. %,4.0 mol. %, 4.5 mol. %, 5.0 mol. %, 5.5 mol. %, 6.0 mol. %, 6.5 mol. %,7.0 mol. %, 7.5 mol. %, 8.0 mol. %, 8.5 mol. %, 9.0 mol. %, 9.5 mol. %,or 10 mol. %, or any value between any two of the foregoingconcentration points. The concentration of the manganese catalyst may beat least 2.0 mol. %, at least 2.5 mol. %, at least 3.0 mol. %, at least3.5 mol. %, at least 4.0 mol. %, at least 4.5 mol. %, at least 5.0 mol.%, at least 5.5 mol. %, at least 6.0 mol. %, at least 6.5 mol. %, atleast 7.0 mol. %, at least 7.5 mol. %, at least 8.0 mol. %, at least 8.5mol. %, at least 9.0 mol. %, at least 9.5 mol. %, or at least 10 mol. %,or at least any value between any two of the foregoing concentrationpoints.

The compound containing a carboxyl group may be added to the mixture ata concentration from 0.25 mmol to 1.00 mmol. The concentration of themanganese catalyst may be in a range from 0.25 mmol to 1.00 mmol. Theconcentration may be 0.25 mmol, 0.30 mmol, 0.35 mmol, 0.40 mmol, 0.45mmol, 0.50 mmol, 0.55 mmol, 0.60 mmol, 0.65 mmol, 0.70 mmol, 0.75 mmol,0.80 mmol, 0.85 mmol, 0.90 mmol, 0.95 mmol, or 1.00 mmol, or any valuebetween any two of the foregoing concentration points. The concentrationof the manganese catalyst may be at least 0.25 mmol, at least 0.30 mmol,at least 0.35 mmol, at least 0.40 mmol, at least 0.45 mmol, at least0.50 mmol, at least 0.55 mmol, at least 0.60 mmol, at least 0.65 mmol,at least 0.70 mmol, at least 0.75 mmol, at least 0.80 mmol, at least0.85 mmol, at least 0.90 mmol, at least 0.95 mmol, or at least 1.00mmol, or at least any value between any two of the foregoingconcentration points. The concentration may be 0.5 mmol.

In an embodiment, the step of combining may further comprise addingbenzoic acid. The concentration of the benzoic acid may be in a rangefrom 0.125 M to 0.5 M. The concentration may be 0.125 M, 0.15 M, 0.175M, 0.2 M, 0.225M, 0.25 M, 0.275 M, 0.3 M, 0.325M, 0.35 M, 0.375 M, 0.4M, 0.425 M, 0.45 M, 0.475 M, or 0.5 M, or any value between any two ofthe foregoing concentration points. The concentration of the manganesecatalyst may be in a range from 0.125 M to 0.5 M. The concentration maybe at least 0.125 M, at least 0.15 M, at least 0.175 M, at least 0.2 M,at least 0.225 M, at least 0.25 M, at least 0.275 M, at least 0.3 M, atleast 0.325M, at least 0.35 M, at least 0.375 M, at least 0.4 M, atleast 0.425 M, at least 0.45 M, at least 0.475 M, or at least 0.5 M, orat least any value between any two of the foregoing concentrationpoints. The benzoic acid may be added at a concentration of 0.25 M.

In an example, 11 mg of Mn(TMP)Cl Catalyst (0.0125 mmol, 2.5 mol %) wascombined with acid substrate (0.5 mmol), and 0.1 mL of Et₃N.3HF (0.61mmol, 1.2 equiv.) in a 5 mL vial that was placed under an atmosphere ofN₂ and stirred. Thirty milligram of benzoic acid 0.25 mmol, 0.5 equiv.)and 1.0 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) were sequentially added to thesolution. The resulting solution was heated to 45° C. Under a stream ofN₂, 370 mg of iodosylbenzene (1.6 mmol, 3.3 equiv.) were added to thesolution for a period from 45 minutes to 1.5 hours. The reaction wasmonitored by GC/MS analysis with 25 mg naphthalene (0.195 mmol, 0.39equiv.) added as internal standard. After the addition ofiodosylbenzene, the solution was cooled to room temperature and theproduct was separated from the reaction residue by silica gel columnchromatography.

In an embodiment, the step of combining may comprise adding a phasetransfer catalyst. The phase transfer catalyst may be 18-crown-6. Thephase transfer catalyst may be one or more of other crown ethers. Theone or more of other crown ethers may be dibenzo-18-crown-6 ordiaza-18-crown-6. The phase transfer catalysts may be one or more phasetransfer catalysts of the cryptand family. The phase transfer catalystof the cryptand family may be kryptofix 222 or kryptofix 222B.

In an embodiment, the step of combining may comprise mixing thenucleophilic fluoride source, the phase transfer catalyst, the solvent,the compound and an iodine (III) oxidant under an anaerobic atmosphereto form a first mixture. The anaerobic atmosphere may be an inertatmosphere. The inert atmosphere may be an N₂ or Ar atmosphere. The stepof combining may comprise adding the manganese catalyst to the firstmixture to form a second mixture. In an alternate embodiment, theforegoing mixing may occur in atmospheric air.

In another example, 1 mg of KF (17.0 μmol, 1 equiv.) was combined with16 mg of 18-crown-6 (30.2 μmol, 1.8 equiv.) in a 4 ml vial and stirred.Two milliliters of acetonitrile (ACN) were added to the solution beforesonication for 2 minutes. After sonication, 83 mg of2,3-diphenylpropionic acid (367.2 μmol, 21 equiv.) and 38 mg ofiodosylbenzene (PhIO) (172.7 μmol, 10 equiv.) were added to the vial andthe solution therein was stirred for 2 minutes at room temperature. Sixmg of Mn(TMP)Cl (6.8 μmol, 0.4 equiv.) were then added to the solutionto catalyze the reaction. The resulted solution was stirred at 45° C.for 8 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent wasevaporated and 10 μL fluorobenzene was added as internal standard. Theyield was determined by ¹⁹F NMR.

In an embodiment, the method may include reacting the compoundcontaining a carboxylic group, the oxidant, the nucleophilic fluorinesource and the solvent for a reaction time of 2 minutes to 30 minutes.The reaction may be allowed to proceed from 2 minutes to 5 minutes, from5 minutes to 10 minutes, from 10 minutes to 15 minutes, from 15 minutesto 20 minutes, from 20 minutes to 25 minutes, and from 25 minutes to 30minutes. The time period for reaction may be in a range between any twointeger value between 10 minutes and 30 minutes. The reaction may beallowed to proceed for 2 minutes.

In an embodiment, the method may include reacting the compound, thenucleophilic fluorine source, the solvent, the iodine (III) oxidant andthe manganese catalyst for a reaction time of 10 minutes to 30 minutes.The reaction may be allowed to proceed from 5 minutes to 10 minutes,from 10 minutes to 15 minutes, from 15 minutes to 20 minutes, from 20minutes to 25 minutes, and from 25 minutes to 30 minutes. The timeperiod for reaction may be in a range between any two integer valuebetween 5 minutes and 30 minutes. The reaction may be allowed to proceedfor 10 minutes.

The reaction may be allowed to proceed from 10 minutes to 15 minutes,from 15 minutes to 20 minutes, from 20 minutes to 25 minutes, from 25minutes to 30 minutes, from 30 minutes to 35 minutes, from 35 minutes to40 mintutes, from 40 minutes to 45 minutes, from 45 minutes to 50minutes, from 50 minutes to 55 minutes, and from 55 minutes to 60minutes. The time period for reaction may be in a range between any twointeger value between 10 minutes and 60 minutes. The reaction may beallowed to proceed for 10 minutes.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise maintaining the first mixtureat a temperature from 10° C. to 50° C. The temperature may be 45° C.

The method may comprise reaction temperatures between and including 10°C. and 50° C. The temperature may be in a range between any two integervalue temperatures selected from 10° C. to 50° C. The temperature may bein a range between and including 10° C. and 20° C., 20° C. and 30° C.,30° C. and 40° C., 40° C. and 50° C. The temperature may be any oneinteger value temperature selected from those including and between 10°C. and 50° C. Temperatures between 25° C. and 50° C. may be used. Thetemperature may be any temperature including and between 25° C. and 50°C. The temperature ranges in this paragraph may also be provided in amethod of radioactive labeling herein.

The compound containing a carboxyl group is also referred to as asubstrate or target herein. Examplary compounds containing a carboxylgroup include but are not limited to 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid,2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)acetic acid,2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid, 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid, 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid,2-cyclo pentyl-2-phenylacetic acid, 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)pent-4-ynoicacid, 4-cyano-2-phenyl butanoic acid,2-(4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid, 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)propanoic, 2-(4-(allyloxy)phenoxy) acetic acid,2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl) acetic acid,2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yloxy)phenoxy)propanoic acid,2-(2,4-dichloro phenoxy)propanoic acid, 2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)aceticacid, 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid,2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid, 2-phenylbutanoicacid, 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)acetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) acetic acid,4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid, 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid,(E)-2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylacetic acid,2-((8R,9S,13S,14S)-13-methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthren-3-yloxy)propanoicacid, or 2-[4-[[(3R,5aS, 6R,8aS,9R, 10S, 12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoicacid or derivatives, or analogs thereof. The term “derivative” or“analog” as used herein means the compound having one or severalmodifications in the structure of the precursor compound. One or severalmodifications in the structure of the precursor compound may includeinstallment of a carboxyl group or a chemical group containing thecarboxyl group on the structure of the precursor compound. One orseveral modifications in the structure of the precursor compound mayinclude protection of one or several functional groups in the precursorcompound with protecting groups. One or several modifications in thestructure of the precursor compound may include replacement of one orseveral substituents in the precursor compound with other chemicalgroups.

In an embodiment, the compound containing a carboxyl group may be anyone of the compounds 1-28 illustrated in Table 1 and Scheme 2, in whichthe fluorine moiety is replaced by a —COOH group. The compounds may be1a: 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid; 2a: 2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)aceticacid; 3a: 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid; 4a:2-(3-benzoylphenyl) propanoic acid; 5a:2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid; 6a:2-cyclopentyl-2-phenyl acetic acid; 7a: 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)pent-4-ynoicacid; 8a: 4-cyano-2-phenylbutanoic acid; 9a:2-(4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl) propanoic acid; 10a:2-(4-(bromomethyl) phenyl)propanoic acid; 1 1a:2-(4-(allyloxy)phenoxy)acetic acid; 12a: 2-(4-(benzyloxy) phenyl)aceticacid; 13a: 2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yloxy)phenoxy)propanoicacid; 14a: 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid; 15a:2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)acetic acid; 16a: 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid; 17a:2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenyl propanoic acid; 18a:2-phenylbutanoic acid; 19a: 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)acetic acid; 20a:2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid; 21a:4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid; 22a: 1-adamantanecarboxylicacid; 23a: 3-phenylpropanoic acid; 24a: 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid;25a: 2,2-dicyclohexylacetic acid; 26a:(E)-2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylacetic acid; 27a:2-((8R,9S,13S,14S)-13-methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthren-3-yloxy)propanoic acid;28a: 2-[4-[[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R, 10S, 12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoicacid.

The method may include manganese (III) porphyrin catalyzeddecarboxylative fluorination where the nucleophilic fluoride source istrimethylamine trihydrofluoride (Et₃N 3HF). The method may includefluorinating a compound containing a carboxyl group in the presence ofcatalytic amount of Mn(TMP)Cl. An iodine (III) oxidant may be used. Theiodine (III) oxidant may be at least one of iodosylbenzene (PhIO),iodobenzene (PhI(OPiv)₂) or iodobenzene diacetate (PhI(OAc)₂). Any otheriodine (III) oxidant described herein may be used. For example, reactionof ibuprophen employing 1,2-discloroethane as a solvent bydecarboxylative fluorination results in fluoro-ibuprophen in 50%conversion. When benzoic acid is added to the reaction, 65% ofibuprophen molecules are converted to fluoro-ibuprophen.

An embodiment provides a composition comprising a fluorinated product byany one of the methods described herein.

An embodiment provides a composition comprising1-(1-fluoroethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene, fluoro(phenyl)methyl cinnamate,(8R,9S,13S,14S)-3-(1-fluoroethoxy)-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthren-17(14H)-one, ordecahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-10-(4-(1-fluoroethoxy)phenoxy)-,(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R, 10S, 12R,12aR)-3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin).

An embodiment provides a composition comprising any one of the compounds1-28 illustrated in Table 1 and Scheme 2. An embodiment provides acomposition comprising any other compound, in which a carboxyl group isreplaced by fluorine moiety.

The methods of carboxylative fluorination described herein areapplicable to ¹⁸F labeling of compounds containing a carboxyl group with[¹⁸F]fluoride.

An embodiment provides a method of direct radioactive labeling of acompound containing a carboxyl group. The method may comprise combiningthe compound, a nucleophilic radioactive fluoride source, a manganesecatalyst, a solvent and an iodine (III) oxidant. The method may be asdescribed herein for any method herein of targeted fluorination of acompound containing a carboxyl group where the nucleophilic fluoridesource comprises radioactive flouride. The radioactive fluoride may be[¹⁸F]-fluoride. The [¹⁸F]-fluoride may be a carrier-free [¹⁸F]-fluoride.As used herein, the term “carrier-free” refers to the fluoride that isessentially free from stable isotopes of ¹⁹F. In carrier-free ¹⁸Ffluoride, the radioactivity of the fluoride undiluted by non-radioactive¹⁹F is higher. The carrier free [¹⁸F-fluoride may be [¹⁸F-fluoridehaving a specific activity higher than 1 Ci/μmol.

Embodiments include combining the compound containing a carboxyl group,the nucleophilic radioactive fluoride source, the manganese catalyst,the solvent and the iodine (III) oxidant in any order. In the method ofdirect radioactive labeling, the step of combining may include mixingthe compound containing a carboxyl group and the iodine (III) oxidant toform a first mixture. The step of combining may also include mixing thenucleophilic radioactive fluoride source and the solvent to form thesecond mixture. The first mixture and the second may be combined; forexample, by being added to the vial. The manganese catalyst may besubsequently added; for example, to the same vial. The step of combiningmay be carried out under open air.

The method of direct radioactive labeling may comprise obtaining[¹⁸F]fluoride from a cyclotron as an aqueous [¹⁸F] fluoride. The methodmay also comprise loading the aqueous [¹⁸F] fluoride solution onto anion exchange cartridge. The ion exchange cartridge may be an anionexchange cartridge. The method may also comprise releasing the [¹⁸F]fluoride from the ion exchange cartridge before mixing the [¹⁸F]fluoride with a solvent to form the second mixture. The solvent may bebut is not limited to acetonitrile. The solvent may be part of asolution comprising a manganese catalyst.

In an embodiment, the method may include maintaining the compound, theiodine (III) oxidant, the nucleophilic fluorine source, the solvent andthe manganese catalyst at a temperature of 25° C. to 100° C. Thetemperature may be in a range between any two integer value temperaturesselected from 25° C. to 100° C. The temperature may be in a range andincluding 25° C. and 30° C., 30° C. and 40° C., 40° C. and 50° C., 50°C. and 60° C., 60° C. and 70° C., 70° C. and 80° C., 80° C. and 90° C.,90° C. and 100° C. The temperature may be any one integer valuetemperature selected from those including and between 25° C. to 100° C.Temperatures between 25° C. to 100° C. may be used. The temperature maybe any temperature including and between 25° C. to 100° C. Thetemperature may be 45° C.

In an embodiment, the compound containing a carboxyl group may be addedto a concentration from 0.02 mol/L to 0.40 mol/L. The nucleophilicfluorine source may be added to a concentration 20 μCi/ml to 500 mCi/ml.The manganese catalyst may be added to a concentration from 0.0004 mol/Lto 0.01 mol/L. The solvent may be added to a volume from 0.05 mL to 1mL. The oxidant may be added to a concentration from 0.01 mol/L to 0.2mol/L. In an embodiment, the oxidant may be solid. Each of the foregoingconcentration ranges may be subdivided. The concentration of thecompound containing a carboxyl group may be subdivided between any twovalues chosen from 0.1 increments within the described range (endpointsinclusive). The concentration of the nucleophilic fluorine source may besubdivided between any two values chosen from 20 μCi increments withinthe described range (endpoints inclusive). The volume of the solvent maybe subdivided between any two values chosen from 0.1 increments withinthe described range (endpoints inclusive). The concentration of theoxidant may be subdivided between any two values chosen from 0.05increments within the described range (endpoints inclusive). Theconcentration of any one reactant may be a specific value within itsrespective ranges.

The methods of direct radioactive labeling herein may be compatible withtypical “dry-down” procedures used in ¹⁸F chemistry. Embodiments of themethod include “dry-down” procedures. Typically, the [¹⁸F]fluoridesolution obtained from a cyclotron is a very dilute aqueous solution.For large-scale (100 milli Curies to several Curies) radio-synthesis,removing water and redissolving the [¹⁸F]fluoride in organic solution isgenerally required. As used herein, the term “dry-down procedure” refersto the procedure that includes iterative azeotropic evaporation of waterfrom the very dilute [¹⁸F]fluoride solution derived from a cycltron toobtain anhydrous [¹⁸F]fluoride, which can be later dissolved in organicsolution. Generally, 3 cycles of azeotropic evaporation are required toobtain anhydrous [¹⁸F]fluoride. Each cycle may include adding 1 mL ofanhydrous acetonitrile to the [¹⁸F]fluoride source containing aninorganic base; e.g., K₂CO₃, and heating the resulting mixture todryness at 108° C.

An embodiment includes a “dry-down free” method of direct radioactivelabeling, wherein “dry-down” is not required but may be employed ifdesired. The term “dry-down free” procedure herein refers to theprocedure, wherein the [¹⁸F]fluoride loaded onto the ion exchangecartridge can be directly extracted by the solution of the manganesecatalyst due to the strong binding between the catalyst and[¹⁸F]fluoride, therefore bypassing the time-consuming azeotropicevaporation cycles (“dry-down” step). The method of direct radiolabelingmay, thus, comprise loading the nucleophilic radioactive fluorine sourceonto an ion exchange cartridge. The ion exchange cartridge may be ananion exchange cartridge. The method may comprise releasing thenucleophilic radioactive fluorine source from the ion exchange cartridgeby applying a solvent to the ion exchange cartridge. The solvent may bewater. The solvent may be organic solution. The solvent me be part of asolution comprising a manganese catalyst. The manganese catalyst may beany manganese catalyst herein.

In an example, substrate or any compound containing a carboxyl groupdescribed herein (0.22 mmol) was combined with iodosylbenzene (0.068mmol) in a 4 ml vial and stirred before labeling. An aqueous [¹⁸F]fluoride solution was obtained from the cyclotron. A portion of thissolution (40-50 μL, 4-5 mCi) was loaded on to an CHROMAFIX® PS cartridgeto obtain a washed, purified and diluted [¹⁸F]fluoride solution. Twentyfive milliliters of the resulting washed [¹⁸F]fluoride solution (125-150μCi) was diluted with 3.0 mL acetonitrile to obtain [¹⁸F]fluorideacetonitrile solution. 0.6 mL of this [¹⁸F]fluoride acetonitrilesolution was added to the vial containing the substrate and the oxidant.The resulting solution was stirred for 2 min at 50° C. Then 2 mgMn(TMP)Cl catalyst (0.0023 mmol) was added to the solution. The vial wascapped and stirred at 50° C. for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, analiquot of the reaction mixture was taken and spotted on a silica gelTLC plate. The plate was developed in an appropriate eluent and scannedwith a Bioscan AR-2000 Radio TLC Imaging Scanner.

An embodiment provides a method of targeted fluorination. The method maycomprise combining a mono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate and amanganese catalyst. The manganese catalyst may be any one of themanganese catalysts described herein. The method may further comprisemixing a compound containing a carboxyl group, a nucleophilic fluoridesource, a solvent and an iodine (III) oxidant to form themono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate prior to the step ofcombining. As used herein, the mono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylaterefers to an intermediate compound. The compound, the solvent, or theiodine(III) oxidant may be any one of the compounds, solvents or theiodine (II) oxidants described herein.

In an embodiment, the nucleophilic fluoride source may be trialkyl aminetrihydrofluoride. The trialkyl amine trihydrofluoride may betriethylamine trihydrofluoride. The step of combining may be performedunder an inert atmosphere. The method of fluorination may be performedas the method of targeted decarboxilative fluorination.

In an embodiment, the nucleophilic fluoride source may be[¹⁸F]-fluoride. The step of combining may be performed under air. Themethod of fluorination may be performed as the method of radioactivelabeling.

An embodiment includes a composition comprising the product of anymethod of direct radiolabeling of a compound containing a carboxyl groupherein. The product may be from the method as it is conducted on anytarget contained herein, or an analog thereof. The composition maycomprise one or more of fluoro-ibuprofen(1-(1-fluoroethyl)-4-isobutylbenzene), fluoro-benzyl cinnamate (fluoro(phe nyl)methyl cinnamate), fluoro-estrone((8R,9S,13S,14S)-3-(1-fluoroethoxy)-13-me-thyl-7,8,9,11,12,13,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α] phenanthren-17(14H)-one), orfluoro-artemisinin(decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-10-(4-(1-fluoroethoxy)phenoxy)-,(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R, 10S, 12R, 12aR)-3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxe pin)). See Scheme 2 for examples. Pharmaceutically acceptablesalts that may be included in embodiments herein can be found inHandbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, Stahland Wermuth (Eds.), VHCA, Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta (Zurich,Switzerland) and WILEY-VCH (Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany);ISBN: 3-906390-26-8, which is incorporated herein by reference as iffully set forth. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts may or include atleast one of the acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate,bitartrate, bromide, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride,citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate,fumarate, glyceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate,hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate,iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, mandelate,mesylate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, pamoate,pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate,stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate,tosylate, triethiodide, and trifluoroacetate salts. The pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts may or include salts of the compounds containing anacidic functional group that can be prepared by reacting with a suitablebase. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be or include alkalimetal salts (especially sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal salt(especially calcium and magnesium), aluminum salts and ammonium salts,salts made from physiologically acceptable organic bases includingtrimethylamine, triethylamine, morpholine, pyridine, piperidine,picoline, dicyclohexylamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine,2-hydroxyethylamine, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine,tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, procaine, dibenzylpiperidine,dehydroabietylamine, N,N′-bisdehydroabietylamine, glucamine,N-methylglucamine, collidine, quinine, quinoline, and basic amino acids,lysine and arginine.

A composition herein may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,which may be selected from but is not limited to one or more in thefollowing list: ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin,serum proteins, human serum albumin, buffer substances, phosphates,glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures ofsaturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, protaminesulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate,sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate,polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol,sodium carboxymethylcellulose, waxes, polyethylene glycol, starch,lactose, dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose, talc,magnesium carbonate, kaolin, non-ionic surfactants, edible oils,physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF,Parsippany, N.J.) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The ¹⁸Fradioactively labeled drug molecules created by methods herein may havenearly the same steric size as the parent drug.

In an embodiment, the ¹⁸F-labeled drugs may be used as PET imagingagents. The ¹⁸F-drug molecules disclosed herein are inhibitors ofcertain biological targets, and may be used as PET imaging agents.Ibuprofen, nabumetone and celecoxib are inhibitors of COX-2, which is amajor contributor to the inflammatory response and cancer progression.The ¹⁸F-ibuprofe, ¹⁸F-Nabumetone, ¹⁸F-celecoxib analog may be used asPET imaging agents. It has been reported that the ¹⁸F-labeled COX-2inhibitors can be useful probe for early detection of cancer and forevaluation of the COX-2 status of premalignant and malignant tumors.Examples of compounds in compositions herein follow.

An embodiment comprises a method of visualization. The method maycomprise radioactively labeling a compound containing a carboxylic groupby a method herein to create an imaging agent, administering the imagingagent to a patient and performing positron emission tomography on thepatient. The patient may be an animal. The patient may be human. Thestep of the radioactive labeling may include at least one of separatingthe radioactively labeled compound from non-labeled compounds by HPLCand purifying the separated radioactively labeled compound by acartridge. Purifying by a cartridge may comprise diluting a crudereaction mixture with a solvent that contains the radioactively labeledcompound and one or more contaminants, passing the crude reactionmixture through the cartridge and eluting the radiolabeled compound witha solvent. The solvent may be water or any suitable organic solvent. Themethod may comprise adding the purified radioactively labeled compoundto a saline solution prior to administering the imaging agent to asubject. Administering may be by injection. A dose of 200 μCi of ¹⁸F permouse may be used in animal experiments. The skilled artisan wouldunderstand scaling of this amount to other patient species.

EMBODIMENTS

The following list includes particular embodiments of the presentinvention. The list, however, is not limiting and does not excludealternate embodiments, as otherwise described herein or as would beappreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.

1. A method of targeted fluorination of a compound containing a carboxylgroup, the method comprising combining the compound, a nucleophilicfluoride source, a manganese catalyst, a solvent and an iodine (III)oxidant.

2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the manganese catalyst is amanganese porphyrin or a manganese salen.

3. The method of any one or both embodiments 1 or 2, wherein themanganese porphyrin in a manganese(III) porphyrin.

4. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe manganese(III) porphyrin is selected from the group consisting of:Mn(TMP)Cl, Mn(TTP) and Mn(TDCPP)Cl.

5. The method of anyone or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe nucleophilic fluoride source comprises trialkyl aminetrihydrofluoride.

6. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe nucleophilic fluorides source is triethylamine trihydrofluoride.

7. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereincombining comprises: mixing the manganese catalyst, the nucleophilicfluoride source, the compound and the solvent under an inert atmosphereto form a first mixture; and adding the iodine (III) oxidant to thefirst mixture to form a second mixture.

8. The method of embodiment 7 further comprising maintaining the firstmixture at a temperature from 25° C. to 80° C.

9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the temperature is 45° C.

10. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe step of adding the oxidant occurs over a period of 45 minutes to 90minutes.

11. The method of any one or more of embodiments 7-9, wherein combiningfurther comprises adding benzoic acid.

12. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe solvent is selected from the group consisting of: acetonitrile,dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane.

13. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe iodine (III) oxidant is at least one of iodosylbenzene, iodobenzene,iodobenzene diacetate, dichloroiodobenzene,Bis(tert-butylcarbonyloxy)iodobenzene, iodosyl mesitylene,[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene, [Hydroxy(tosyloxy) iodo]benzene,iodomesitylene diacetate, iodosylpentafluorobenzene,[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]pentafluorobenzene,3,3-dimethyl-1-fluoro-1,2-benziodoxole, or (2-tert-butylsulfonyl)iodobenzene.

14. The method of any one or more of the preceding embodiments, whereinthe compound is selected from the group consisting of:2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoic acid; 2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)acetic acid;2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid;2-cyclopentyl-2-phenylacetic acid; 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)pent-4-y noicacid; 4-cyano-2-phenylbutanoic acid;2-(4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(4-(allyloxy)phenoxy) aceticacid; 2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)acetic acid; 2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yloxy) phenoxy)propanoic acid; 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid; 2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)acetic acid; 2,3-diphenylpropanoicacid; 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenyl propanoic acid; 2-phenylbutanoic acid; 12-(biphenyl-4-yl)acetic acid; 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid; 4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid; 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid; 23a: 3-phenylpropanoic acid; 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoicacid; 2,2-dicyclohexylacetic acid; (E)-2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylaceticacid; 2-((8R,9S,13S,14S)-13-methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phe-nanthren-3-yloxy)propanoicacid; and2-[4-[[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S,12R,12aR)-de-cahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoicacid.

15. A composition comprising a fluorinated product produced by themethod of any one or more of the preceding embodiments.

16. A composition comprising a fluorinated product that includes atleast one compound selected from the group consisting of:

17. A method of direct radioactive labeling of a compound containing acarboxyl group, the method comprising combining the compound, anucleophilic, radioactive fluoride source, a manganese catalyst, asolvent and an iodine (III) oxidant.

18. The method of embodiment 17, wherein the manganese catalyst ismanganese porphyrin or a manganese salen.

19. The method of one or both of embodiments 17 or 18, wherein themanganese catalyst is a manganese(III) porphyrin.

20. The method of any one or more of embodiments 18-19, wherein themanganese(III) porphyrin is selected from the group consisting of:Mn(TMP)Cl, Mn(TTP) and Mn(TDCPP)Cl.

21. The method of any one or more of embodiments 17-20, wherein thenucleophilic radioactive fluoride source is [¹⁸F]-fluoride.

22. The method of any one or more of embodiments 17-21, wherein the stepof combining includes mixing the compound and the iodine(III) oxidant toform a first mixture, mixing the nucleophilic radioactive fluoridesource and the solvent to form the second mixture, and mixing the firstmixture and the second mixture to form the third mixture, and adding themanganese catalyst to the third mixture, and combining is performedunder air.

23. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the reaction time is from 2minutes to 30 minutes

24. The method of embodiment 22 further comprising reacting thecompound, the nucleophilic radioactive fluoride source, the solvent, andthe iodine (III) oxidant for 5 minutes to 30 minutes after the step ofadding manganese catalyst.

25. The method of any one or more of embodiments 21-24 furthercomprising maintaining the compound, the iodine (III) oxidant, thefluorine radioisotope, the solvent and the manganese catalyst at atemperature of 25° C. to 100° C.

26. The method of any one or more of embodiments 17-25, wherein prior tothe step of combining, the method further comprises obtaining an aqueous[¹⁸F]fluoride solution from a cyclotron, loading the aqueous [¹⁸F]fluoride solution onto an ion exchange cartridge and releasing the [¹⁸F]fluoride from the ion exchange cartridge with an acetonitrile oralkaline solution. The alkaline solution may comprise K₂CO₃.

27. The method of embodiments 26, wherein the solution comprises amanganese catalyst.

28. The method of one or more of embodiments 26-27, wherein the[¹⁸F]fluoride is mixed with acetonitrile to form a [¹⁸F] fluorideacetonitrile solution.

29. The method of any one or more of embodiments 26-28, wherein the ionexchange cartridge is an anion exchange cartridge.

30. The method of any one or more of embodiments 17-29, wherein thesolvent is acetonitrile or acetone.

31. The method of any one or more of embodiments 17-30, wherein theiodine (III) oxidant is at least one of iodosylbenzene, iodobenzene,iodobenzene diacetate, dichloroiodobenzene,Bis(tert-butylcarbonyloxy)iodobenzene, iodosyl mesitylene,[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene, [Hydroxy(tosyloxy) iodo]benzene,iodomesitylene diacetate, iodosylpentafluorobenzene,[Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]pentafluorobenzene,3,3-dimethyl-1-fluoro-1,2-benziodoxole, or (2-tert-butylsulfonyl)iodobenzene.

32. The method of any one or more of embodiments 17-31, wherein compoundis selected from the group consisting of: 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoicacid; 2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)acetic acid; 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid;2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid;2-cyclopentyl-2-phenylacetic acid; 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)pent-4-ynoic acid;4-cyano-2-phenylbutanoic acid;2-(4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(4-(allyloxy)phenoxy)acetic acid;2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)acetic acid;2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yloxy)phenoxy) propanoic acid;2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid; 2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)aceticacid; 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid;2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; 2-phenylbutanoicacid; 12-(biphenyl-4-yl) acetic acid; 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) aceticacid; 4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid; 1-adamantanecarboxylicacid; 23a: 3-phenylpropanoic acid; 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid;2,2-dicyclo hexylacetic acid; (E)-2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylacetic acid;2-((8R,9S,13S,14S)-13-methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthren-3-yloxy)propanoicacid; and 2-[4-[[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S, 12R, 12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoicacid.

33. A composition comprising at least one radio-labeled product producedby the method of any one or more of embodiments 17-32 and 35-36.

34. A composition comprising a radio-labeled compound selected from thegroup consisting of:

wherein the F in compounds 1-28 is ¹⁸F.

35. The method of any one of embodiments 17-32, wherein the reaction isconducted under an anaerobic or inert atmosphere.

36. The method of any one of embodiments 17-32, wherein the reaction isconducted under atmospheric air.

37. A method of targeted fluorination comprising combining amono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate and a manganese catalyst.

38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the manganese catalyst is amanganese porphyrin or a manganese salen.

39. The method of any one of embodiments 37-38, wherein the manganeseporphyrin is a manganese(III) porphyrin.

40. The method of any one of embodiments 37-39, wherein themanganese(III) porphyrin is selected from the group consisting of:Mn(TMP)Cl, Mn(TTP) and Mn(TDCPP)Cl.

41. The method of any one of embodiments 37-40 further comprising mixinga compound containing a carboxyl group, a nucleophilic fluoride source,a solvent and an iodine (III) oxidant to form the mono-fluoro-aryliodine-(III) carboxylate prior to the step of combining.

42. The method of embodiment 40, wherein the solvent is selected fromthe group consisting of: acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane, and1,2-dichloroethane.

43. The method of any one of embodiments 41-42, wherein the iodine(III)oxidant is iodosylbenzene, iodobenzene, iodobenzene diacetate,dichloroiodobenzene, Bis(tert-butylcarbonyloxy)iodobenzene,iodosylmesitylene, [Bis(trifluoroacetoxy) iodo]benzene,[Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo] benzene, iodomesitylene diacetate, iodosylpentafluorobenzene, [Bis (trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]pentafluorobenzene,3,3-dimethyl-1-fluoro-1,2-benziodoxole, or(2-tert-butylsulfonyl)iodobenzene.

44. The method of any one of embodiments 41-43, wherein the compound isselected from the group consisting of: 2-(4-isobutyl phenyl)propanoicacid; 2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)acetic acid; 2,3-dihydro benzo[b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid;2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid; 2-cyclopentyl-2-phenylacetic acid; 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)pent-4-ynoic acid; 4-cyano-2-phenylbutanoic acid; 2-(4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid;2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)propanoic acid; 2-(4-(allyloxy)phenoxy)aceticacid; 2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)acetic acid;2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yloxy)phenoxy) propanoic acid;2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid; 2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)aceticacid; 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid;2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; 2-phenylbutanoicacid; 12-(biphenyl-4-yl) acetic acid; 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) aceticacid; 4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid; 1-adamantanecarboxylicacid; 23a: 3-phenylpropanoic acid; 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid;2,2-dicyclo hexylacetic acid; (E)-2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylacetic acid;2-((8R,9S,13S,14S)-13-methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthren-3-yloxy)propanoicacid; and 2-[4-[[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,10S, 12R, 12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoicacid.

45. The method of any one of embodiments 41-44 further comprisingmaintaining the mono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate at atemperature from 25° C. to 80° C.

46. The method of any one of embodiments 41-46, wherein the nucleophilicfluoride source is trialkyl amine trihydrofluoride.

47. The method embodiment 46, wherein the trialkyl aminetrihydrofluoride is triethylamine trihydrofluoride.

48. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the step of combining isperformed under an inert atmosphere.

49. The method of any one of embodiments 41-45, wherein the nucleophilicfluoride source is [¹⁸F]-fluoride.

50. The method of any one of embodiments 41-5 and 49, wherein prior tothe step of mixing obtaining an aqueous [¹⁸F] fluoride solution from acyclotron, loading the aqueous [¹⁸F] fluoride solution onto an ionexchange cartridge and releasing the [¹⁸F] fluoride from the ionexchange cartridge with an alkaline solution.

51. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the [¹⁸F] fluoride is mixedwith acetonitrile to form the [¹⁸F] fluoride acetonitrile solution.

52. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the ion exchange cartridge isan anion exchange cartridge.

53. A method of visualization comprising: radioactively labeling acompound containing a carboxylic group by the method of any one or moreof embodiments 17-32, 37 45 and 49-52, where the fluorine radioisotopeincludes ¹⁸F and a product produced by the method is an 18F imagingagent; admninistering the imaging agent to a patient and performingpositron emission tomography on the patient.

Further embodiments herein may be formed by supplementing an embodimentwith one or more element from any one or more other embodiment herein,and/or substituting one or more element from one embodiment with one ormore element from one or more other embodiment herein.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrateparticular embodiments. The embodiments throughout may be supplementedwith one or more detail from one or more example below, and/or one ormore element from an embodiment may be substituted with one or moredetail from one or more example below.

Example 1—Manganese Catalyzed Decarboxylative Fluorination andOptimization of the Reaction Conditions

Scheme 1 illustrates the concept of manganese catalyzed decarboxylationin comparison to previously reported decarboxylative hydroxylation^([22]) and aliphatic C—H fluorination ^([14]). Scheme 1(a) illustratesdecarboxylative hydroxylation ^([22]). Scheme 1(b) illustrates aliphaticC—H fluorination ^([14]). Referring to this scheme, the reactionemployed manganese tetramesitylporphyrin, Mn(TMP)Cl, as the catalyst andsilver fluoride/tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate (TBAF.3H₂O) asthe fluoride source and proceed through a trans-difluoromanganese(IV)porphyrin complex that served as the fluorine transfer agent.

Scheme 1(c) illustrates decarboxylative fluorination using fluoride ionand Mn(TMP)Cl as the catalyst.

Surprisingly, decarboxylative fluorination was achieved over thepreviously observed hydroxylation by use of an appropriate fluoridesource which unexpectedly redirected the usual oxygenation scenario tofluorination. Table 1 shows optimization of decarboxylative fluorinationof ibuprophen as an initial model substrate. Exploratory reactionconditions for fluorination afforded fluorination product 1 in apromising 13% yield (Table 1, entry 1). A less basic fluoride source,triethylamine trihydrofluoride (Et₃N.3HF) was utilized,^([20]) withwhich the yield increased to 53% (Table 1, entry 2). Other solvents,catalysts and oxidants were tested. The best yield of 61% was obtainedwith Mn(TMP)Cl as the catalyst, iodosylbenzene (PhIO) as the oxidant and1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) as solvent (Table 1, entry 3). Furtherexperimentation surprisingly revealed that adding 0.5 equiv. benzoicacid could further increase the yield to 65% (Table 1, entry 9) with afluorination/oxygenation selectivity of 9:1.

TABLE 1 Reaction conditions ^([a])

Entry Catalyst Oxidant F⁻(equiv.) Solvent Yield^([b]) 1 Mn(TMP)Cl PhIOAgF/TBAF · 3H₂O ACN/DCM 13% 2 Mn(TMP)Cl PhIO Et₃N · 3HF (1.2) ACN/DCM53% 3 Mn(TMP)Cl PhIO Et₃N · 3HF (1.2) DCE 61% 4 Mn(TTP)Cl PhIO Et₃N ·3HF (1.2) DCE 43% 5 Mn(TDCPP)Cl PhIO Et₃N · 3HF (1.2) DCE 16% 6Mn(TPFPP)Cl PhIO Et₃N · 3HF (1.2) DCE trace 7 Mn(TMP)Cl PhI(OPiv)₂ Et₃N· 3HF (1.2) DCE 45% 8 Mn(TMP)Cl PhI(OAc)₂ Et₃N · 3HF (1.2) DCE 50% 9Mn(TMP)Cl PhIO Et₃N · 3HF (1.2) DCE 65%^([b])

[a] Reaction conditions: Nitrogen atmosphere, 1a (103 mg, 0.5 mmol),catalyst (10 mg, 2.5 mol %), oxidant (370 mg, 3.3 equiv.) and solvent (1mL). Yield was determined by ¹⁹F-NMR with 20 μL fluorobenzene asstandard. [b] 0.5 equiv. benzoic acid as additive.

The decarboxylative fluorination differs from Mn-catalyzed C—Hfluorination and decarboxylative hydroxylation in the following aspects.Decarboxylative fluorination can be used to prepare fluoromethyl ethersand N-fluoroalkyls as described in Examples herein. These types ofproducts were not observed in Mn-catalyzed C—H fluorination ordecarboxylative hydroxylation reactions. Ether substrates are notreactive under Mn-catalyzed C—H fluorination reactions. In themanganese-catalyzed C—H ¹⁸F-fluorination reaction, the weak coordinatingaxial ligand is needed to achieve high radiolabeling yield. However, inthe decarboxylative ¹⁸F radio-fluorination, a weak coordinating axialligand is not needed. High radiochemical yields can be obtained with theusual Mn(TMP)Cl catalyst (i.e., with chloride ligand). This demonstratesthat the decarboxylative fluorination and Mn-catalyzed C—H fluorinationreactions are different. Additionally, the two reactions proceed throughdifferent mechanisms. In C—H fluorination, the C—H activation proceedsthrough a high-valent oxomanganese(V) intermediate, while indecarboxylative hydroxylation, hydroxylcarboxylatoiodinane speciesoxidize the manganese(III) to hydroxomanganese(IV) and generate carboxylradical. For decarboxylative fluorination, there is no precedent that ananalogous fluorocarboxylatoiodinane (iodine(III) species are also callediodinanes) species exist, and the one electron oxidation ofmanganese(III) to fluoromanganese(IV) is not known. Furthermore, thecarboxylic acid could react with fluoride to form HF and silver saltused commonly in the C—H fluorination would form insoluble silvercarboxylate with carboxylic acid, both scenarios will inhibit thereaction.

Example 2—Substrate Scope and Functional Group Tolerance

After the optimal conditions were identified, the substrate scope ofthis reaction was examined. As shown in Scheme 2, a variety offunctional groups, including heterocycles, amide, imide, ester, ketone,ether, nitrile, halogen and even alkene and alkyne are well tolerated.

Scheme 2 illustrates the substrate scope and functional group tolerancein this reaction.

Higher yields were generally observed for substrates bearingelectron-donating substituents. Molecules containing stronglyelectron-rich aromatic rings, which are challenging substrates forSelectfluor-based decarboxylative fluorination methods due to thecompeting aryl fluorination,^([19c]) were readily fluorinated withoutany ring fluorination (11-13).

The tolerance to reactive functional groups like halogens (10) andalkynes (7) further broaden the application of the present method, asvarious structural motifs can be accessed through these functionalitiesby well-established methods such as cross coupling or “click” reactions.Surprisingly, no epoxidation or C—H activation products were observedwith substrates containing olefins (e.g. substrates 11 and 21), despitethe well-known Mn(TMP)Cl/PhIO catalytic system that efficiently performsthese reactions.^([21])

While the present method efficiently fluorinated benzylic and aryloxycarboxylic acids, tertiary, secondary and primary acids were lessreactive (22-25). The same trend was observed for the relatedMn-catalyzed decarboxylative hydroxylation reaction.^([22]) The resultssuggest a free radical pathway, as the reactivity pattern is consistentwith variations of the C—COOH bond dissociation energies.^([23])

The mildness of the fluorination conditions prompted tests of thereaction for fluorinating molecules with structures of biologicalimportance. The molecule tested was benzyl cinnamate, a common fragranceingredient and antifungal reagent. The fluorinated benzyl cinnamate (26)could be obtained in 58% yield from the 2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylaceticacid with no epoxidation products being detected. Moreover, thefluorination product of an estrone derivative (27) could be obtained in65% isolated yield within 45 min. The reported method could also beapplied to fragile, complex structures like artemisinin. Thedecarboxylative fluorination of an artemisinin derivative went smoothlyto afford 28 in 61% isolated yield in 1 h. These results clearlydemonstrate the significant potential of the reported method forlate-stage fluorination of bioactive molecules.

Example 3—Decarboxylative Fluorination with KF as a Fluoride Source

Compared to current decarboxylative fluorination methods that are basedon F⁺ reagents, an advantage of this fluoride-based decarboxylativefluorination reaction is its applicability to ¹⁸F labelling with[¹⁸F]fluoride. To demonstrate this potential, the reaction with limitingamounts of K¹⁹F as the sole fluoride source was tested, since afunctional reaction for ¹⁸F labelling should be able to incorporatesub-stoichiometric amounts of fluoride into substratemolecules.^([1f, 7d, 24])

Scheme 3a illustrates decarboxiative fluorination of acid 16a(2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid). An experimental reaction included thefollowing condition: 16a, 83 mg (367.2 μmol, 21 equiv.), KF 1 mg (17.0μmol, 1.0 equiv.) 18-crown-6, 16 mg (30.2 μmol, 1.8 equiv.) and 2 mL ofACN were added to a vial. PhIO 38 mg (172.7 μmol, 10 equiv.) were addedto the solution. The mixture was stirred for 2 minutes at roomtemperature. Mn(TMP)Cl 6 mg (6.8 μmol, 0.4 equiv. 2 mol %) were added tothe solution. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 46° C. for 10minutes. Scheme 3a illustrates that treating acid 16a with Mn(TMP)Cl,PhIO and only 0.05 equiv. of KF in acetonitrile for 10 min afforded thefluorinated product 16 (1-fluoroethane-1,2-diyl)dibenzene) in 56% yieldbased on the amount if fluoride. Scheme 3b illustrates the efficacy ofthis method for radiofluorination with no-carrier-added [¹⁸F]fluoridewas further evaluated. It was observed that carboxylic acids underwentefficient decarboxylative ¹⁸F-fluorination with RCCs ranging from 26% to50% under similar reaction conditions to those used with K¹⁹F. Unlike¹⁹F reaction conditions where anaerobic conditions were preferred, the¹⁸F labelling reactions were carried out under air, greatly simplifyingthe labelling protocol. Less reactive acids under ¹⁹F conditions, suchas secondary carboxylic acid 25a, could be readily ¹⁸F-labeled (40% RCCof ¹⁸F-25) by using the same reaction conditions as here. This seeminglycounterintuitive phenomenon was also observed in the manganese-catalyzedC—H ¹⁸F-fluorination reaction, and is presumably due to the very lowconcentration of [¹⁸F]fluoride and the large excess of other reactants.It was demonstrated that the tedious azeotropic K¹⁸F drying step couldbe eliminated by directly eluting [¹⁸F]fluoride from the ion exchangecartridge with a solution of the Mn(salen)OTs catalyst. With a similarprotocol, ¹⁸F-19 was obtained with 10% non-decay corrected RCY. Thespecific activity was determined to be 1.78 Ci/μmol (@EOB). Thistransformation represents the first general decarboxylative ¹⁸Flabelling method with no-carrier-added [¹⁸F]fluoride. The substratescope of this ¹⁸F labelling method and adapt it to PET imagingapplications can be expanded.

In addition, optimatization of the technique with ¹⁹F under conditionsstoichiometric in fluoride ion is a good predictor of behavior whenfluoride is the limiting reagent, such as it is during ¹⁸F methods. Anexample is supplied below. These conditions approximate those usedduring ¹⁸F labeling experiments. It was observed that the yield from ¹⁹FNMR (both GC-MS and NMR) is 56% based on fluoride as the limitingreagent. Surprisingly, this yield is 5-fold higher than the C—Hfluorination under similar conditions, indicating that ¹⁸F incorporationwill also be much more efficient.

An experimental reaction included the following condition: KF 2 mg (34.5μmol, 1 equiv.), 18-crown-6 16 mg (60.53 μmol, 1.8 equiv.) and 4 mL ofdry ACN were added to a vial. The obtained solution was sonicated for 2min. 2,3-diphenylpropionic acid 166 mg (734.5 μmol, 21 equiv.) and PhIO76 mg (345.5 μmol, 10 equiv.) were added to the solution. The mixturewas stirred for 2 minutes at room temperature to allow production of theiodine(III) decarboxylate. Then Mn(TMP)Cl 12 mg (13.7 μmol, 0.4 equiv.)were added to the solution. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 46°C. for 8 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent wasevaporated and 10 μL fluorobenzene was added as internal standard. Theyield was determined by ¹⁹F NMR. 56% yield was obtained. The reactionwas performed under air to mimic the ¹⁸F labeling conditions. Thedifference with of the decarboxylative fluorination performed under airand under an inert atmosphere is the amount of reagents to be used. Thelabeling conditions use much lower amount of reagents and less solvent.Also, in the dry-down free protocol described herein for ¹⁸F labeling,iodine(III) dicarboxylate was used as both the substrate and theoxidant.

Example 4—Mechanism of Decarboxilative Fluorination

A proposed reaction mechanism for this R—COOH to R—F conversion isillustrated in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, there are two likely pathwaysfor the activation of the carboxylic acid. The first involves thepre-formation of an iodine(III) carboxylate ester via reaction ofiodosylbenzene with the carboxylic acid substrate that oxidizes themanganese(III) porphyrin to fluoromanganese(IV) intermediate withconcurrent decarboxylation (pathway A). The second pathway proceedsthrough a direct hydrogen abstraction from the carboxylic acid O—H by anoxomanganese(V) porphyrin intermediate (pathway B). Although furtherwork is needed to differentiate the two pathways, current evidencesuggests pathway A, since both PhI(OPiv)₂ and PhI(OAc)₂ were efficientoxidants for decarboxylative fluorination in the absence of water (Table1, entries 7 and 8).

Moreover, mCPBA, an efficient oxygen transfer agent that convertsmanganese porphyrins to oxomanganese(V), was a less efficient reagentfor decarboxylative fluorination. For example, the yield of(1-fluoropropyl)benzene (18) dropped from 56% to 13% upon changing theoxidant from PhIO to mCPBA.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate a scheme of fluorination of iodine (III)dicarboxylate. FIG. 2A illustrates fluorination of iodine(III)dicarboxylate 29. To explore whether iodine(III) carboxylates couldreact with manganese(III) porphyrins to afford the fluorinationproducts, iodobenzene dicarboxylate 29(bis(α-methylbenzeneacatato)(phenyl)-λ³-iodane) was synthesized andsubjected to a DCE solution of Mn(TMP)Cl and Et₃N.3HF. Heating thereaction mixture at 45° C. for 1 h afforded (1-fluoroethyl)benzene (30)in 80% yield, demonstrating that the iodine(III) carboxylate complex ishighly reactive toward the manganese(III) porphyrin. The formation of aniodine(III) carboxylate was further indicated by NMR spectroscopy. FIG.2B illustrates ¹⁹F-NMR spectrum of a solution of Mn(TMP)Cl, Et₃N.3HF and2-phenylpropanoic acid 30a. Referring to this figure, it was observedthat adding 0.3 equiv of PhIO. into a CD₂Cl₂ solution of2-phenylpropanoic acid 30a and 1.0 equiv of Et₃N.3HF led to immediatedissolution of solid PhIO. The ¹⁹F-NMR of this clear solution revealedthat, besides the resonances of Et₃N.3HF (−160 ppm) anddifluoroiodobenzene 32 (PhIF₂) (−177 ppm),^([12]) a new resonance,presumably from fluoroiodane 31(bis(α-methylbenzeneacatato)(phenyl)-λ³-iodane), was observed at −132ppm.

To verify the identity of this new species, a CD₂Cl₂ solution ofiodobenzene dicarboxylate 29(bis(α-methylbenzeneacatato)(phenyl)-λ³-iodane) was titrated withEt₃N.3HF. FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate NMR evidence for the formation ofiodine(III) carboxylate complex. FIG. 3A illustrates the NMR spectrum ofthe solution upon adding of PhIO (0.3 equiv.) into a CD₂Cl₂ solution of2-phenylpropanoic acid 30a (1.0 equiv.) and Et₃N 3HF (1.0 equiv). FIG.3B illustrates the NMR spectrum of the solution upon titration of CD₂Cl₂solution of iodobenzene dicarboxylate 29 (1.0 equiv.) with Et₃N 3HF (0.1equiv.). FIG. 3C illustrates the NMR spectrum of the solution upontitration of CD₂Cl₂ solution of iodobenzene dicarboxylate 29 (1.0equiv.) with Et₃N 3HF (0.4 equiv.). FIG. 3D illustrates the NMR spectrumof the solution upon titration of CD₂Cl₂ solution of iodobenzenedicarboxylate 29 (1.0 equiv.) with Et₃N 3HF (1.5 equiv.). Upon additionof the first equiv. of HF (0.33 equiv. Et₃N.3HF), the resonance at −132ppm was predominant in ¹⁹F-NMR spectrum with only a small amount ofPhIF₂. Further addition of Et₃N.3HF led to a gradual increase of thePhIF₂ resonance (−177 ppm) and concomitant decrease of the −132 ppmresonance. These results clearly show that PhIO reacts rapidly withcarboxylic acids and Et₃N.3HF to form iodine(III) carboxylate esters.Furthermore, adding 2 mol % Mn(TMP)Cl catalyst to the clear solutionmade from 2-phenylpropanoic acid 30a, Et₃N.3HF and PhIO affordedfluoroethylbenzene in 40% yield based, which, again, demonstrates thatiodine(III) carboxylate complex can react productively with themanganese porphyrin catalyst.

The formation of carboalkoxy radicals through the interaction betweenthe iodine(III) carboxylate and manganese porphyrin is also supported byDFT calculations. FIG. 2C illustrates potential energy surfaces(kcal/mol) for the formation of carboxyl radicals through theinteraction of iodine(III) carboxylate complex and manganese(III)porphyrin. Referring to this figure, T and Q refer to triplet andquintet states, respectively. Manganese(III) porphine (Mn(PorH)F) and3-butenoic acid were employed as model compounds for computationalstudies. The lowest energy reaction profile was on the quintet energysurface, as expected for a manganese(III) porphyrin. The fluoroiodane 33((3-butenoicacetato)fluoro(phenyl)-λ³-iodane) first forms an adduct withthe manganese(III) porphyrin, which is thermodynamically favored by 1.6kcal/mol. This adduct then undergoes a facile dissociation at the iodinecenter with a barrier of 18.2 kcal/mol. In the transition state, thefrontier orbital interaction involves the d_(yz) orbital of Mn(PorH)Fand the σ*orbital of the O—I—F bond with bonding interactions betweenthe fluorine and the manganese. Significant elongations of both the I-Obond (from 2.11 Å in Q-1 to 2.36 Å in Q-TS1) and the I-F bond (from 2.08Å to 2.51 Å) are observed with a concurrent contraction of the Mn—F bondlength (from 2.32 Å to 1.90 Å). These results are consistent with adissociation of the carboalkoxy radical from iodine with a synchronousF-atom transfer to Mn(III) to afford F—Mn(IV)—F.

Example 5—Study of Fluorine Transfer Step

Scheme 4 illustrates mechanistic studies of fluorine transfer step. Forthe fluorine transfer step, the radical nature of the reaction wasdemonstrated by adding 5 equiv. CCl₃Br as an alkyl radical trap. Scheme4 (eq. 4) shows that the major product was the alkyl bromide 1b with afluorination/bromination ratio of 1:2. Since the rate constant forbromine transfer from BrCCl₃ to alkyl radicals is known to be ˜10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹,^([25]) the 1:2 fluorination/bromination ratio corresponds to anano-second radical lifetime, which is comparable to the manganeseporphyrin-catalyzed C—H fluorination reaction. This result suggests asimilar intermediate, presumably a fluoromanganese(IV) porphyrincomplex, that rapidly traps the substrate radical affording the alkylfluoride product.

Scheme 4 (eq, 5) further demonstrates the involvement of amanganese-bound fluoride intermediate by fluorination ofendo-norbornane-2-carboxylic acid (34a) which yieldedexo-2-fluoronorbornane as the major product (exo:endo=7:1).

The observed selectivity is consistent with the C—H fluorination ofnorbornane by Mn(TMP)Cl (exo:endo=6:1),^([14]) and the preference forthe exo product is likely due to steric interactions between the alkylradical and the bulky manganese porphyrin catalyst during the fluorinetransfer step.

Scheme 4 (eq. 6) illustrates that when a chiral manganese salen complexwas used as the catalyst, fluorination of acid 15a afforded 15 in 11%ee. This low but mechanistically informative ee provides strongadditional support for a manganese-bound fluoride intermediate in thefluorine transfer step.

Example—6—Decarboxylative Fluorination and Production[¹⁸F]Trifluoromethoxy and [¹⁸F]Trifluoromethyl Groups

Under the same conditions for decarboxylative [¹⁸F]fluorination,α,α-difluoronaphthoxyacetic acid and α,α-difluorophenylacetic acid alsoreact to afford [¹⁸F]trifluoromethoxy and [¹⁸F]trifluoromethyl groups.

The [¹⁸F]fluoride was prepared as follows. A 4 mL vial with a screw capwas charged with substrate (0.22 mmol), iodosylbenzene (0.068 mmol) anda stir bar (2×5 mm). A portion of aqueous [¹⁸F]fluoride solution (40-50μL, 4-5 mCi) obtained from the cyclotron was loaded on to an ChromafixPS-HCO₃ IEX cartridge, which had been previously washed with 5.0 mg/mLK₂CO₃ in Milli-Q water followed by 5 mL of Milli-Q water. Then, thecartridge loaded with [¹⁸F]fluoride was washed with 2 mL Milli-Q waterand [¹⁸F]fluoride was released from the cartridge using 0.8 mL 5.0 mg/mLK₂CO₃ in Milli-Q water. A portion of the resulting [¹⁸F]fluoridesolution (25 μL, 125-150 μCi) was diluted with 3.0 mL acetonitrile. 0.6mL of this [¹⁸F]fluoride acetonitrile solution was added to the vialcontaining the substrate and the oxidant. The resulting mixture wasstirred for 2 min under 50° C. (for most of the cases, PhIO solid willdissolve during the stirring). Then 2 mg Mn(TMP)Cl catalyst (0.0023mmol) was added in solid form to the reaction mixture. The vial wasrecapped and stirred at 50° C. for 10 more min. After 10 min, an aliquotof the reaction mixture was taken and spotted on a silica gel TLC plate.The plate was developed in an appropriate eluent and scanned with aBioscan AR-2000 Radio TLC Imaging Scanner. The detected radiochemicalconversion was around 1%.

Example 7—Experimental Section

Unless otherwise noted, fluorination reactions were run under nitrogenatmosphere with no precautions taken to exclude moisture. Tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP) and tetra-p-tolylporphyrin (TTP) were prepared aspreviously reported.^([26]) Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TPFPP)and Tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin (TDCPP) were purchased fromFrontier Scientific. All manganese porphyrins were synthesized aschloride salts according to literature methods.^([27]) Iodosylbenzene(PhIO) was prepared by hydrolysis of iodobenzene diacetate with sodiumhydroxide solution. Carboxylic acid substrates 5a,^([28])7a,^([29])8a,^([30]) 11a,^([31]) 13a,^([32]) 21a,^([33]) 25a,^([34])26a,^([35]) 27a,^([36]) iodine dicarboxylate 28,^([37]) were synthesizedas previously reported. Other purchased materials were of the highestpurity available from commercial sources and used without furtherpurification. ¹H NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker NB 300spectrometer or a Bruker Avance-III (500 MHz) spectrometer and arereported in ppm using solvent as an internal standard (CDCl₃ at δ 7.26,acetone-d₆ at 2.04, or methylene chloride-d₂ at 5.32). Data reported as:chemical shift (δ), multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet,q=quartet, m=multiplet), coupling constant (Hz); integrated intensity.¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 (126 MHz) or a Bruker NB300 (75 MHz) spectrometer and are reported in ppm using solvents as aninternal standard (CDCl₃ at 77.15 ppm, acetone-d₆ at 29.92 ppm, ormethylene chloride-d₂ at 54.0). ¹⁹F NMR spectra (282 MHz) were obtainedon a Bruker NB 300 spectrometer and are reported in ppm by addingexternal neat PhF (¹⁹F, δ−113.15 relative to CFCl₃). GC/MS analyses wereperformed on an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph equipped with an Agilent5975 mass selective detector. High-resolution mass spectra were obtainedfrom the Princeton University mass spectrometer facility by electrosprayionization (ESI). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) wasperformed on an Agilent 1100 series instrument with a binary pump and adiode array detector.

Example 7.1—Experimental Details for Decarboxylative FluorinationCatalyzed by Mn(TMP) Cl Example 7.1.1—General Procedure forDecarboxylative Fluorination Catalyzed by Mn(TMP) Cl

An oven-dried, 5 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was placedunder an atmosphere of N₂. Mn(TMP)Cl Catalyst (11 mg, 0.0125 mmol, 2.5mol %), acid substrate (0.5 mmol), Et₃N.3HF (0.1 mL, 0.61 mmol, 1.2equiv.) and benzoic acid (30 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.5 equiv.) were then added,followed by 1.0 mL 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The reaction mixture wasthen heated to 45° C.

Under a stream of N₂, iodosylbenzene (370 mg, 1.6 mmol, 3.3 equiv.) wasadded slowly to the reaction mixture in solid form over a period of 45minutes-1.5 hours. The reaction was monitored by GC/MS analysis with 25mg naphthalene (0.195 mmol, 0.39 equiv.) added as internal standard.After the addition of iodosylbenzene, the solution was cooled to roomtemperature and the product was separated from the reaction residue bysilica gel column chromatography.

Example 7.1.2—Procedure for Decarboxylative Fluorination of Ibuprofen inthe Presence of BrCCls

An oven-dried, 5 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was placedunder an atmosphere of N₂. Mn(TMP)Cl Catalyst (11 mg, 0.0125 mmol, 2.5mol %), acid substrate (0.5 mmol), Et₃N.3HF (0.1 mL, 0.61 mmol, 1.2equiv.), benzoic acid (30 mg, 0.25 mmol, 0.5 equiv.) were then added,followed by BrCCl₃ (246 μL, 2.5 mmol, 5 equiv.) and DCE (1.0 mL). Thereaction mixture was then heated to 45° C. Under a stream of N₂,iodosylbenzene (330 mg, 1.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) was added slowly to thereaction mixture in small portions over a period of 1 hour. The reactionsolution was then cooled to room temperature. 20 μL fluorobenzene wasadded. Yield was determined by ¹⁹F NMR by taking aliquot of the reactionsolution and diluted with CDCl₃. The bromination/fluorination ratio wasdetermined by GC/MS and the ¹H NMR of the reaction mixture.

Example 7.1.3—Procedure for Reaction of Pre-Stirred Solution of2-Phenylpropionic Acid, Et₃N′3HF, and PhIO with Mn(TMP)Cl Catalyst

An oven-dried, 5 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was placedunder an atmosphere of N₂. 2-phenylpropionic acid (65 μL, 0.5 mmol),Et₃N.3HF (81 μL, 0.5 mmol, 1 equiv.) and 0.5 mL CD₂Cl₂ and 33 mg of PhIO(0.15 mmol, 0.3 equiv.) were added to the flask. The reaction mixturewas stirred for 5 minutes. A 0.5 mL CD₂Cl₂ solution of 11 mg Mn(TMP)Cl(0.0126 mmol, 2.5 mol %) was then added to the solution via syringe. Theflask was placed in a 45° C. water bath and stirred for 20 minutes. Thereaction solution was then cooled to room temperature. 10 μLfluorobenzene was added. Yield was determined by ¹⁹F NMR.

Example 7.1.4—Procedure for Reaction of Iodine(III) Dicarboxylate 29with Mn(TMP)Cl Catalyst

A 4 mL vial with magnetic stir bar was charged with 70 mg iodine(III)dicarboxylate 29 (0.14 mmol) and Mn(TMP)Cl catalyst 12 mg (0.014 mmol,10 mol %). The vial was capped and evacuated and backfilled with N₂ forthree times. 0.5 mL DCE was then added. The reaction mixture was placedin a 45° C. water bath and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction solution wasthen cooled to room temperature. 10 μL fluorobenzene was added. Yieldwas determined by ¹⁹F NMR by taking aliquot of the reaction solution anddiluted with CDCl₃.

Example 7.1.5 Procedure for Decarboxylative Fluorination with KF

KF 1 mg (17.0 μmol, 1 equiv.), 18-crown-6 16 mg (30.2 μmol, 1.8 equiv.),and 2 mL ACN were added to a 4 mL vial with stir magnetic stir bar. Theobtained solution was sonicated for 2 minutes. 2,3-diphenylpropionicacid 83 mg (367.2 μmol, 21 equiv.) and PhIO 38 mg (172.7 μmol, 10equiv.) were added to the solution. The mixture was stirred for 2minutes at room temperature. Mn(TMP)Cl 6 mg (6.8 μmol, 0.4 equiv.) werethen added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C.for 8 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent wasevaporated and 10 μL fluorobenzene was added as internal standard. Theyield was determined by ¹⁹F NMR.

Example 7.1.6—Enantio-Discriminating HPLC Trace of DecarboxylativeFluorination of Acid 16a

Compound 16a (2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid) was converted into thefluorinated product (compound 16: (1-fluoroethane-1,2-diyl)dibenzene))by targeted fluorination shown in Scheme 3a. The analysis was performedusing HPLC gradient: 2% IPA/hexanes, isocratic, 1 mL/min, column:Chiralcel OJ-H.

FIG. 4 illustrates the chiral UV-HPLC trace of authentic racemiccompound 16. FIG. 5 illustrates the chiral UV-HPLC trace of reactionmixture of decarboxylative fluorination of acid 16a.

Example 7.2 NMR Spectra of Fluorination Product Example 7.2.1—Scheme 2,Compound 1

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in group) hadthe structure of compound 1, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In thiscase, the substrate was ibuprophen. Purification by columnchromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 7.30 (m, 2H),7.18 (m, 2H), 5.62 (dq, J=47.9, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),1.86 (dp, J=13.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.58 (dd, J=23.6, 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d,J=6.6 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 142.5, 140.0, 129.9,126.1, 91.5 (d, J=165.6 Hz), 45.6, 31.0, 23.1 (d, J=25.6 Hz), 22.6; ¹⁹FNMR (282 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ−165.09 ppm (dq, J=47.4, 23.6 Hz, 1F); MS(EI) m/z cal'd C₁₂H₁₇F [M]⁺: 180.1, found 180.1. FIGS. 6A-6C illustratethe NMR spectra of compound 1. FIG. 6A illustrates the ¹H NMR spectrumof compound 1. FIG. 6B illustrates the ¹³C NMR spectrum of compound 1.FIG. 6C illustrates the ¹⁹F NMR spectrum of compound 1.

Compounds 2-22 and 26-28 were also analyzed by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F NMRspectroscopy, and the corresponding data are presented in Examples6.2.2-6.2.25 herein. The diagrams of the compounds 2-22 and 26-28 arenot presented since the skilled person would understand the resultsbased on the descriptions of the data.

Example 7.2.2—Compound 2

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 2, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)acetic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes to 2% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.30 (m, 1H), 7.90 (m, 1H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.58 (m, 2H), 7.47(t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dt, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (d, J=54.4 Hz,2H); ¹³C APT NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 152.8, 134.6, 127.6, 126.6, 125.9,125.7, 123.3, 121.7, 109.0, 101.0 (d, J=219.0 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz,CDCl₃)−149.12 ppm (t, J=54.3 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₁H₉OF [M]⁺:176.1, found 176.1.

Example 7.2.3—Compound 3

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 3, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid.Purification by column chromatography (hexanes to 2% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 6.82-7.01 (m, 4H), 6.22 (dt, J=54.0, 1.0 Hz,1H), 4.45 (ddd, J=12.4, 4.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (ddd, J=29.4, 12.5, 0.8Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 144.1, 140.8, 123.8, 123.0,118.3, 118.0, 102.5 (d, J=221.9 Hz), 65.2 (d, J=23.5 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (282MHz, acetone-d₆)−134.92 ppm (ddd, J=54.5, 29.9, 5.2 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/zcal'd C₈H₇FO₂ [M]⁺: 154.0, found 154.0.

Example 7.2.4—Compound 4

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 4, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes to 5% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.75-7.69 (m, 3H), 7.71-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.65 (m, 2H),7.43-7.54 (m, 3H), 5.70 (dq, J=47.5, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (dd, J=24.0, 6.5Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 196.6, 142.0, 137.9, 137.4, 132.7,130.2, 130.0, 129.2, 128.6, 128.4, 126.8, 90.6 (d, J=168.9 Hz), 23.1 (d,J=25.0 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) −168.57 (dq, J=47.7, 24.0 Hz); MS(EI) m/z cal'd C₁₅H₁₃FO [M]⁺: 228.1, found 228.1.

Example 7.2.5—Compound 5

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 5, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid.Purification by column chromatography (hexanes to 15% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹HNMR (500 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 7.92 (m, 4H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.46 (m,3H), 7.25 (d, J=47.3 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 166.9,136.2, 136.0, 132.5, 129.7, 129.1, 126.3, 124.6, 89.1 (d, J=202.4 Hz);¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆)−156.40 ppm (d, J=47.1 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/zcal'd C₁₅H₁₀FNO₂ [M]⁺: 255.1, found 255.1.

Example 7.2.6—Compound 6

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 6, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-cyclopentyl-2-phenylacetic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ7.30-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.22 (dd, J=47.8, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (dt, J=16.1, 8.0Hz, 1H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.72 (m, 6H), 1.24 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 140.3, 128.3, 128.1, 126.2, 97.7 (d, J=170.6 Hz),45.7, 28.3, 25.3; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆)−171.0 ppm (dd, J=47.7,16.4 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₂H₁₅F [M]⁺: 178.1, found 178.1.

Example 7.2.7—Compound 7

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 7, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)pent-4-ynoic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes to 2% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 8.01 (m, 1H), 7.87-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.60 (m,3H), 6.35 (dt, J=46.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=6.1, 2.7Hz, 1H), 2.12 (t, J=2.7 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ133.93, 133.67, 129.40, 129.09, 126.64, 125.90, 125.21, 123.56, 122.72,90.04 (d, J=176.7 Hz), 79.25, 71.21, 34.18, 26.86, 22.41, 14.15; ¹⁹F NMR(282 MHz, CDCl₃)−174.2 (dt, J=46.4, 20.8 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'dC₁₄H₁₁F [M]⁺: 198.1, found 198.1.

Example 7.2.8—Compound 8

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 8, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 4-cyano-2-phenylbutanoic acid. Purification by columnchromatography (hexanes to 20% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ7.29-7.45 (m, 5H), 5.58 (ddd, J=47.6, 8.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.07-2.63 (m,4H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 138.3, 129.1, 128.9, 125.4, 119.0, 92.2(d, J=173.5 Hz), 33.0, 13.5; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) −179.5 (ddd,J=47.8, 28.5, 16.6 Hz); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₀H₁₀FN [M]⁺: 163.1, found163.1.

Example 7.2.9—Compound 9

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 9, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(4-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid.Purification by column chromatography (hexanes to 20% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 8.02 (m, 2H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 7.66 (m, 2H),7.54 (m, 1H), 7.46 (m, 2H), 5.67 (dd, J=47.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H),1.62 (dd, J=23.6, 6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 167.8,142.0, 141.0, 137.9, 134.0, 133.1, 129.1, 127.0, 124.2, 119.7, 91.2 (d,J=165.6 Hz), 51.2, 23.1; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆) −163.50 ppm (dq,J=47.2, 23.6 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₆H₁₄FNO [M-HF]⁺: 255.1, found.255.1.

Example 7.2.10—Compound 10

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 10, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(4-(bromomethyl)phenyl)propanoic. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41 (d,J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 5.62 (dq, J=47.6, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (s,2H), 1.64 (dd, J=23.9, 6.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 141.9,137.8, 129.3, 126.8, 125.8, 90.7 (d, J=168.2 Hz), 33.1, 23.0 (d, J=25.1Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) −168.0 (dq, J=47.7, 23.9 Hz, 1F); MS (EI)m/z cal'd C₉H₁₀BrF [M]⁺: 216.0, found 216.0.

Example 7.2.11—Compound 11

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 11, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(4-(allyloxy)phenoxy)acetic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes to 4% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,acetone-d₆) δ7.09-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.89 (m, 2H), 6.05 (ddt, J=17.2,10.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J=55.9 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (dq, J=17.3, 1.7 Hz,1H), 5.23 (dq, J=10.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (dt, J=5.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H); ¹³CNMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 155.7, 151.8, 134.8, 118.7, 117.4, 116.4,102.6 (d, J=215.3 Hz), 69.7; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆)−149.68 ppm(t, J=56.0 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₀H₁₁FO₂ [M]⁺: 182.1, found182.1.

Example 7.2.12—Compound 12

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 12, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)acetic acid. Purification byflash chromatography (hexanes to 6% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (500 MHz,acetone-d₆) δ 5.14 (s, 2H), 5.30 (d, J=48.8 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (m, 2H), 7.33(m, 1H), 7.35-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.48 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆)δ 70.4, 85.0 (d, J=162.4 Hz), 115.7, 128.5, 128.7, 129.3, 129.7, 131.0,138.2, 160.3; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆)−199.28 ppm (t, J=48.8 Hz,1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₄H₁₃FO [M]⁺: 216.1, found 216.1.

Example 7.2.13—Compound 13

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 13, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was2-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yloxy)phenoxy)propanoic acid.Purification by column chromatography (hexanes to 15% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 1.63 (dd, J=19.9, 4.8 Hz, 3H), 6.13 (dq,J=62.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.95-7.49 (m, 5H), 8.14 (dd, J=8.7, 2.6 Hz, 1H),8.45 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 21.4 (d, J=24.9 Hz), 109.0(d, J=215.3 Hz), 112.5, 118.8, 123.7, 138.0, 146.1, 149.6, 154.6, 167.1;¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆) −115.35 ppm (dq, J=62.7, 19.8 Hz), −60.65(s, 3F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₄H₁₁F₄NO₂ [M]⁺: 301.1, found 301.1.

Example 7.2.14—Compound 14

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 14, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes to 2% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 1.72 (dd, J=20.0, 4.9 Hz, 3H), 5.84 (dd, J=62.2, 4.9 Hz, 1H),7.11-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.40 (dd, J=2.4, 0.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃)δ 21.0 (d, J=24.6 Hz), 109.0 (d, J=220.3 Hz), 119.8, 128.0, 130.3; ¹⁹FNMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) −116.52 (dq, J=62.0, 20.1 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/zcal'd C₈H₇Cl₂FO [M]⁺: 208.0, found 208.0.

Example 7.2.15—Compound 15

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 15, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)acetic acid. Purification bycolumn chromatography (hexanes to 1% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 7.77-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.26 (m, 3H), 7.16 (dd, J=8.9,2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J=54.6 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ154.61, 134.20, 130.25, 129.82, 127.73, 127.31, 126.69, 124.82, 118.56,111.08, 100.88 (d, J=218.6 Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃)−149.0 (t,J=54.5 Hz)¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ −148.80 (t, J=54.4 Hz); MS(EI) m/z cal'd C₁₁H₉FO [M]⁺: 176.1, found 176.1.

Example 7.2.16—Compound 16

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 16, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid. Purification by columnchromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.76-3.57 (m, 2H),5.64 (ddd, J=47.3, 8.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.63-6.98 (m, 10H); ¹³C NMR (75MHz, CDCl₃) δ 44.1 (d, J=24.3 Hz), 95.0 (d, J=174.3 Hz), 125.8, 126.8,128.5, 129.6, 136.8, 139.8; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃)−173.18 (ddd,J=47.0, 28.8, 17.7 Hz); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₄H₁₃F [M]⁺: 200.1, found200.1.

Example 7.2.17—Compound 17

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 17, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenylprop anoic acid.Purification by column chromatography (hexanes to 20% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.91 (dd, J=5.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (dd,J=5.5, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36-7.19 (m, 5H), 6.39 (dt, J=47.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H),4.02-3.57 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 166.85, 134.71,131.39, 129.24, 128.78, 127.24, 123.95, 90.34 (d, J=204.4 Hz), 37.50;¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ−144.87 (ddd, J=47.5, 19.6, 9.3 Hz); MS(EI) m/z cal'd C₁₆H₁₂FNO₂ [M]⁺: 269.1, found 269.1.

Example 7.2.18—Compound 18

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 18, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-phenylbutanoic acid. Purification by columnchromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.47-7.28 (m,5H), 5.36 (ddd, J=47.7, 7.6, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.17-1.67 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t,J=7.4 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 140.35 (d, J=19.9 Hz),128.57, 128.35, 125.79, 96.01 (d, J=170.6 Hz), 30.41, 9.62; ¹⁹F NMR (282MHz, Chloroform-d) δ −175.58 (ddd, J=47.9, 26.6, 17.9 Hz); MS (EI) m/zcal'd C₉H₁₁F [M]⁺: 138.1, found 138.1.

Example 7.2.19—Compound 19

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 19, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)acetic acid. Purification by columnchromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.61 (td,J=7.9, 1.3 Hz, 4H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 4H), 7.40-7.31 (m, 1H), 5.42 (d,J=47.9 Hz, 2H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 141.94, 140.79,135.31, 129.04 128.28, 127.74, 127.57, 127.36, 84.62 (d, J=165.9 Hz);¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ−206.20 (t, J=47.9 Hz); MS (EI) m/zcal'd C₁₃H₁₁F [M]⁺: 186.1, found 186.1.

Example 7.2.20—Compound 20

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 20, but with a —COOH in PG place of —F. In thiscase, the substrate was 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid. Purificationby column chromatography (hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 6.65(d, J=46.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.50 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ93.7 (d, J=172.2 Hz), 129.0, 129.6, 134.8, 139.7; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz,acetone-d₆)−167.28 ppm (d, J=46.7 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₃H₉Cl₂F[M]⁺: 254.0, found 254.0.

Example 7.2.21—Compound 21

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 21, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 4-phenyl-2-(thiophen-3-yl)butanoic acid. Purificationby column chromatography (hexanes to 2% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 2.0-2.4 (m, 2H), 2.74 (m, 2H); 5.44 (ddd, J=48.3, 8.6, 4.4 Hz,1H), 7.02 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.28 (m, 7H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 31.3(d, J=4.2 Hz), 38.0 (d, J=23.3 Hz), 89.9 (d, J=168.3 Hz), 122.4, 122.5,125.4, 126.2, 126.5, 128.5, 141.0, 141.2, 141.4; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz,CDCl₃)−169.70 (ddd, J=48.7, 28.3, 15.5 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'dC₁₃H₁₃FS [M]⁺: 220.1, found 200.1.

Example 7.2.22—Compound 22

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 22, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid. Purification by columnchromatography (pentane). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.60-1.74 (br, 6H),1.81-2.03 (m, 6H), 2.15-2.48 (br, 3H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 31.6(d, J=9.7 Hz), 36.0 (d, J=2.1 Hz), 42.8 (d, J=17.0 Hz), 92.8 (d, J=183.1Hz); ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) −128.5 ppm (t, J=54.3 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/zcal'd C₁₀H₁₅F [M]⁺: 154.1, found 154.1.

Example 7.2.23—Compound 26

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 26, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was (E)-2-(cinnamoyloxy)-2-phenylacetic acid. Purificationby column chromatography (hexanes to 10% EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (500MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 6.70 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=55.9 Hz, 1H),7.46 (m, 3H), 7.51 (m, 3H), 7.67 (ddd, J=6.1, 2.7, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (m,2H), 7.89 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 102.6 (d,J=218.7 Hz), 117.4, 127.2, 129.5, 129.7, 129.9, 131.1, 131.9, 135.0,136.0, 148.1, 165.1; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆) −120.91 ppm (d,J=55.7 Hz, 1F); MS (EI) m/z cal'd C₁₆H₁₃FO₂[M]⁺: 256.1, found 256.1.

Example 7.2.24—Compound 27

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 27, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-((8R,9S, 13S,14S)-13-methyl-17-oxo-7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthren-3-yloxy)propanoicacid. Purification by flash chromatography (hexanes to 20%EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, acetone-d₆) (˜1:1 mixture ofdiastereomers) δ 0.86 (s, 3H), 1.29-1.71 (m, 10H), 1.81 (m, 1H), 2.01(m, 2H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 2.38 (m, 2H), 2.84 (m, 2H), 6.03 (dqd, J=63.1,4.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (t, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dt, J=8.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H),7.22 (dd, J=8.9, 1.1 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 14.1, 21.4(dd, J=25.3, 1.4 Hz), 22.1, 26.6, 27.1, 30.2, 32.5, 36.0, 39.0, 44.8,48.4, 51.0, 108.6 (dd, J=214.7, 9.1 Hz), 115.0, 117.7, 127.3, 135.5,138.8, 155.3, 219.4; ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆)−114.21 ppm (dqd,J=63.1, 19.7, 13.3 Hz); HRMS (ESI) m/z cal'd C₂₀H₂₅FNaO₂[M+Na]⁺:339.1736, found 339.1728.

Example 7.2.25—Compound 28

The reaction was performed according to general procedure in Example 7.1above. The substrate (compound containing a carboxyl group) had thestructure of compound 28, but with a —COOH in place of —F. In this case,the substrate was 2-[4-[[(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R, 10S, 12R,12aR)-decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-yl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoicacid. Purification by flash chromatography (hexanes to 20%EtOAc/hexanes). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, acetone-d₆) (˜1:1 mixture ofdiastereomers) δ 1.00 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.01-1.05 (m, 1H), 1.09 (d,J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.18-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.39-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.64(dd, J=19.8, 4.8 Hz, 3H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 2.01-2.08 (m, 2H),2.33 (ddd, J=14.6, 13.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (m, 1H), 5.47 (dd, J=4.0, 3.0Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (ddd, J=63.3, 5.0, 3.9 Hz, 1H),7.04-7.23 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 13.2, 20.7, 21.4 (d,J=25.1 Hz), 25.2, 25.4, 26.1, 31.8, 35.4, 37.0, 38.0, 45.3, 53.5, 81.4,88.8, 101.7, 104.6, 109.4 (dd, J=214.9, 7.0 Hz), 119.0, 152.3, 154.4;¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, acetone-d₆)−114.57 ppm (dp, J=63.5, 19.9 Hz); HRMS(ESI) m/z cal'd C₂₃H₃₁FKO₆[M+K]⁺: 461.1742, found 461.1735.

Example 7.3—Radiochemistry Example 7.3.1—General Methods

No-carrier-added [¹⁸F]fluoride was produced from water 97% enriched in¹⁸O (ISOFLEX, USA) by the nuclear reaction ¹⁸O(p,n)¹⁸F using a SiemensEclipse HP cyclotron and a silver-bodied target at Massachusetts GeneralHospital Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. Theproduced [¹⁸F]fluoride in water was transferred from the cyclotrontarget by helium push.

Example 73.2 Procedure for Decarboxylative ¹⁸F Labeling of CarboxylicAcids

A 4 mL vial with a screw cap was charged with substrate (0.22 mmol),iodosylbenzene (0.068 mmol) and a stir bar (2×5 mm). A portion ofaqueous [¹⁸F]fluoride solution (40-50 μL, 4-5 mCi) obtained from thecyclotron was loaded on to an Chromafix PS-HCO₃ IEX cartridge, which hadbeen previously washed with 5.0 mg/mL K₂CO₃ in Milli-Q water followed by5 mL of Milli-Q water. Then, the cartridge loaded with [¹⁸F]fluoride waswashed with 2 mL Milli-Q water and [¹⁸F]fluoride was released from thecartridge using 0.8 mL 5.0 mg/mL K₂CO₃ in Milli-Q water. A portion ofthe resulting [¹⁸F]fluoride solution (25 μL, 125-150 μCi) was dilutedwith 3.0 mL acetonitrile. 0.6 mL of this [¹⁸F]fluoride acetonitrilesolution was added to the vial containing the substrate and the oxidant.The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 min under 50° C. (for most ofthe cases, PhIO solid will dissolve during the stirring). Then 2 mgMn(TMP)Cl catalyst (0.0023 mmol) was added in solid form to the reactionmixture. The vial was recapped and stirred at 50° C. for 10 more min.After 10 min, an aliquot of the reaction mixture was taken and spottedon a silica gel TLC plate. The plate was developed in an appropriateeluent and scanned with a Bioscan AR-2000 Radio TLC Imaging Scanner.

Example 7.3.3—Example of Radio-TLC Scans Example 7.3.4 Radio-HPLCCharacterization of ¹⁸F-Labeled Products

¹⁸F-labeled products were characterized by comparing the radio-HPLCtrace of the crude reaction mixture to the HPLC UV trace of theauthentic reference sample. The time difference due to the delay volumebetween the UV detector and the radioactivity detector was about 0.25min. HPLC method: mobile phases: ACN (0.1% TFA, A) and H₂O (0.1% TFA,B); gradient: 65% A and 35% B, isocratic; column: Agilent EclipseXDB-C18, 5 m, 4.6×250 mm. FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate the UV trace of theauthentic reference of compound F-17, the radio-HPLC trace of thereaction mixture to produce compound ¹⁸F-17, and the UV trace for thereaction mixture. FIGS. 16A-16C, 17A-17C, 18A-18C, 19A-19C, 20A-20C andFIGS. 21A-21C illustrate the same traces as FIGS. 15A-15C but forcompounds 19, 8, 14, 15, 5, and 18, respectively.

Example 7.3.5—Specific Activity Measurement

FIG. 22 illustrates a general schematic representation of the azeotropicdrying-free method of labeling. The iodine(III) dicarboxylate wassynthesized as previously described, ^([37]), namely, a mixture ofiodosobenzene diacetate (1 g, 3.1 mmol) and corresponding carboxylicacid (6.2 mmol) was dissolved in chlorobenzene (12 mL). The flask wasthen placed in a water bath (50-55° C.) and the solvent was removedslowly with reduced pressure. After complete evaporation of the solventand the acetic acid, the crude mixture was washed with hexanes and usedwithout further purifications. A portion of aqueous [¹⁸F]fluoridesolution (40-50 μL, 4-5 mCi) obtained from the cyclotron was loaded onto a Chromafix PS-HCO₃ IEX cartridge, which had been previously washedwith 5.0 mg/mL K₂CO₃ in Milli-Q water followed by 10 mL of Milli-Qwater. Then, the cartridge loaded with [¹⁸F]fluoride was washed with 15mL Milli-Q water followed by 5 mL of anhydrous acetonitrile.[¹⁸F]fluoride was slowly released using 0.8 mL methanol solution ofMn(TMP)OTs. Methanol was then removed by a stream of N₂ and theresulting solid was redissolved by 0.6 mL dichloromethane. The obtaineddichloromethane solution of [¹⁸F]Mn(TMP)F was added to a 4 mL vialcontaining 0.1 mmol iodine(III) dicarboxylate and a stir bar (2×5 mm).The vial was capped and stirred at 50° C. for 10 min. After 10 minutes,the radio-labeled compound was isolated by semi-prep HPLC. (PhenomenexGemini-NX 5μ C18 110A, 250×10.0 mm, gradient: 0-40.0 min, 65:35 H₂O:MeCNto 25:75 H₂O:MeCN, 4.0 mL/min; 40.0 min-60.0 min, 25:75 H₂O:MeCN, 4.0mL/min). The absorbance of the ¹⁸F-19 at 254 nm was 224.1, correspondingto 0.269 nmol. The radioactivity of the labeled product was 480 μCi(@EOB). Therefore, the specific activity (SA) was 1.78 Ci/μmol (@EOB).

TABLE 2 Data for standard curve of UV absorbance vs. amount of compound19 nmol 19 UV Absorbance 1.44 1333.51 2.88 2544.14 5.76 5070 11.52 9716

FIG. 23 illustrates standard curve of UV absorbance vs. amount of¹⁸F-19. The UV standard curve was performed with the ¹⁹F version ofcompound 19. However, the ¹⁹F- and ¹⁸F-versions of compound 19 have thesimilar UV-vis spectra.

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The references cited throughout this application are incorporated forall purposes apparent herein and in the references themselves as if eachreference was fully set forth. For the sake of presentation, specificones of these references are cited at particular locations herein. Acitation of a reference at a particular location indicates a manner(s)in which the teachings of the reference are incorporated. However, acitation of a reference at a particular location does not limit themanner in which all of the teachings of the cited reference areincorporated for all purposes.

Any single embodiment herein may be supplemented with one or moreelement from any one or more other embodiment herein.

It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to theparticular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover allmodifications which are within the spirit and scope of the invention asdefined by the appended claims; the above description; and/or shown inthe attached drawings.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of targeted fluorination comprisingcombining a mono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate and a manganesecatalyst.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the manganese catalyst is amanganese porphyrin or a manganese salen.
 3. The method of claim 1further comprising mixing a compound containing a carboxyl group, anucleophilic fluoride source, a solvent and an iodine (III) oxidant toform the mono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate prior to the step ofcombining.
 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising maintaining themono-fluoro-aryl iodine-(III) carboxylate at a temperature from 25° C.to 80° C.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the nucleophilic fluoridesource is trialkyl amine trihydrofluoride.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein the trialkyl amine trihydrofluoride is triethylaminetrihydrofluoride.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofcombining is performed under an inert atmosphere.
 8. The method of claim3, wherein the nucleophilic fluoride source is [¹⁸F]-fluoride.
 9. Themethod of claim 3, wherein prior to the step of mixing, the methodcomprises obtaining an aqueous [¹⁸F] fluoride solution from a cyclotron,loading the aqueous [¹⁸F] fluoride solution onto an ion exchangecartridge and releasing the [¹⁸F] fluoride from the ion exchangecartridge with an alkaline solution.